Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease.
Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease.
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定义生态失调及其对宿主免疫和疾病的影响。
DOI：
10.1111/cmi.12308
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发表时间：
2014-07
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Round JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Petersen C;Round JL
哺乳动物免疫系统的发育依赖于常驻共生微生物的指导。在过去的50年中，与对环境和自身抗原的异常免疫反应相关的疾病迅速增加。这些疾病包括炎症性肠病（IBD）、多发性硬化症（MS）、I型糖尿病（T1D）、过敏和哮喘。与健康个体相比，免疫介导疾病患者拥有不同的微生物群落，这一观察结果表明，发病机制源于微生物群对免疫系统的不适当训练。然而，我们的身体上有数百种不同的微生物，很难知道哪些微生物对健康有贡献，更重要的是，它们如何对健康有贡献？长期以来，研究病原微生物的微生物学家一直坚持科赫的假设，将某种疾病与特定微生物直接联系起来，这就提出了一个问题，即这是否也适用于共生宿主关系。新出现的证据支持，不是一个或两个优势生物体诱导宿主健康，而是整个微生物群落居民的组成影响平衡的免疫反应。因此，对复杂共生群落结构的扰动（称为生态失调）可导致宿主免疫系统的教育不足和随后的免疫介导疾病的发展。在这里，我们将概述描述生态失调的原因和宿主进化的机制，以防止这些变化的群落结构的文献。在这些研究的基础上，我们将对不同类型的生态失调进行分类，并定义微生物的集合如何影响宿主的反应。这项研究对未来的治疗具有广泛的意义，超越了引入单一生物体来诱导健康。我们建议，在生态失调发生后，确定重建健康复杂微生物群的机制，这一过程我们将称为生态修复，将是治疗复杂免疫疾病的基础。
Mammalian immune system development depends on instruction from resident commensal microorganisms. Diseases associated with abnormal immune responses towards environmental and self antigens have been rapidly increasing over the last 50 years. These diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type I diabetes (T1D), allergies and asthma. The observation that people with immune mediated diseases house a different microbial community when compared to healthy individuals suggests that pathogenesis arises from improper training of the immune system by the microbiota. However, with hundreds of different microorganisms on our bodies it is hard to know which of these contribute to health and more importantly how? Microbiologists studying pathogenic organisms have long adhered to Koch's postulates to directly relate a certain disease to a specific microbe, raising the question of whether this might be true of commensal–host relationships as well. Emerging evidence supports that rather than one or two dominant organisms inducing host health, the composition of the entire community of microbial residents influences a balanced immune response. Thus, perturbations to the structure of complex commensal communities (referred to as dysbiosis) can lead to deficient education of the host immune system and subsequent development of immune mediated diseases. Here we will overview the literature that describes the causes of dysbiosis and the mechanisms evolved by the host to prevent these changes to community structure. Building off these studies, we will categorize the different types of dysbiosis and define how collections of microorganisms can influence the host response. This research has broad implications for future therapies that go beyond the introduction of a single organism to induce health. We propose that identifying mechanisms to re-establish a healthy complex microbiota after dysbiosis has occurred, a process we will refer to as rebiosis, will be fundamental to treating complex immune diseases.
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影响因子：
30.3
作者：
Cahenzli J;Köller Y;Wyss M;Geuking MB;McCoy KD
通讯作者：
McCoy KD
影响因子：
17.1
作者：
Faith JJ;Ahern PP;Ridaura VK;Cheng J;Gordon JI
通讯作者：
Gordon JI
DOI：
10.1126/science.1198469
发表时间：
2011-01-21
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Atarashi K;Tanoue T;Shima T;Imaoka A;Kuwahara T;Momose Y;Cheng G;Yamasaki S;Saito T;Ohba Y;Taniguchi T;Takeda K;Hori S;Ivanov II;Umesaki Y;Itoh K;Honda K
通讯作者：
Honda K
影响因子：
82.9
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
30.3
作者：
Bates, Jennifer M.;Akerlund, Janie;Guillemin, Karen
通讯作者：
Guillemin, Karen