Comparative analysis of Dipodomys species indicates that kangaroo rat hindlimb anatomy is adapted for rapid evasive leaping
Comparative analysis of Dipodomys species indicates that kangaroo rat hindlimb anatomy is adapted for rapid evasive leaping
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对 Dipodomys 物种的比较分析表明袋鼠后肢解剖结构适合快速躲避跳跃
DOI：
10.1111/joa.13567
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Clark, Rulon W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Freymiller, Grace A.;Whitford, Malachi D.;Schwaner, M. Janneke;McGowan, Craig P.;Higham, Timothy E.;Clark, Rulon W.
个体大小是影响反捕食者行为的关键因素。对于依靠跳跃来躲避捕食者的动物来说，随着物种间和物种内体型的变化，跳跃距离和加速之间存在理论上的权衡。假设几何相似，由于肌肉横截面积的增加比身体质量的增加要小，所以加速度会随着身体尺寸的增加而减少。较小的动物可能会有与较大的动物相似的跳跃距离，因为它们的四肢较短，加速速度更快。因此，为了在跨越不同身体尺寸的跳跃中保持加速度，对于较大的动物来说，后肢必须不成比例地更大。我们用四种袋鼠(袋鼠)来探索这一预测，袋鼠是一种两足啮齿动物，在不同的身体尺寸范围(40-150微克)具有相似的形态。通过模拟蛇对自由活动的个体的攻击来测量袋鼠的跳跃性能。此外，从解冻的冷冻标本中获得了后肢肌肉和节段长度的形态测量。总体而言，不同体型的跳跃加速度是恒定的，跳跃距离随着体型的增加而增加。此外，袋鼠的后肢肌肉质量和横截面积用正异速生长来衡量。踝伸肌腱横截面积也用正向异速生长进行了测量。后肢节段的长度是等长的，但跖骨除外，它是以负异速生长的方式缩放的。总体而言，这些发现支持袋鼠后肢是为了保持跳跃加速而不是跳跃距离而构建的假设。来自蛇和猫头鹰等单次攻击的捕食者的选择性压力可能推动了这种关系。
Body size is a key factor that influences antipredator behavior. For animals that rely on jumping to escape from predators, there is a theoretical trade‐off between jump distance and acceleration as body size changes at both the inter‐ and intraspecific levels. Assuming geometric similarity, acceleration will decrease with increasing body size due to a smaller increase in muscle cross‐sectional area than body mass. Smaller animals will likely have a similar jump distance as larger animals due to their shorter limbs and faster accelerations. Therefore, in order to maintain acceleration in a jump across different body sizes, hind limbs must be disproportionately bigger for larger animals. We explored this prediction using four species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomysspp.), a genus of bipedal rodent with similar morphology across a range of body sizes (40–150 g). Kangaroo rat jump performance was measured by simulating snake strikes to free‐ranging individuals. Additionally, morphological measurements of hind limb muscles and segment lengths were obtained from thawed frozen specimens. Overall, jump acceleration was constant across body sizes and jump distance increased with increasing size. Additionally, kangaroo rat hind limb muscle mass and cross‐sectional area scaled with positive allometry. Ankle extensor tendon cross‐sectional area also scaled with positive allometry. Hind limb segment length scaled isometrically, with the exception of the metatarsals, which scaled with negative allometry. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that kangaroo rat hind limbs are built to maintain jump acceleration rather than jump distance. Selective pressure from single‐strike predators, such as snakes and owls, likely drives this relationship.
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