Neural activation in the "reward circuit" shows a nonlinear response to facial attractiveness.
Neural activation in the "reward circuit" shows a nonlinear response to facial attractiveness.
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DOI：
10.1080/17470911003619916
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Zhang Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Liang X;Zebrowitz LA;Zhang Y
对有吸引力的面孔的积极行为反应促使神经科学家研究“奖励回路”中的潜在神经机制，其中包括受多巴胺通路支配的大脑区域。这项研究使用了从有吸引力的到非常没有吸引力的、毁容的男性面孔，首次证明了在这个假定的奖励回路的许多区域中，对奖励和厌恶面孔的反应增强。采用正交线性和非线性回归的参数分析显示，在前扣带皮层（ACC），外侧眶额皮层（LOFC），纹状体（核丘脑（NAC），尾状核，壳核），和腹侧被盖区（VTA）的正非线性效应，除了复制先前记录的MOFC和LOFC的线性效应和AMY和MOFC的非线性效应。广泛的非线性反应是一致的单细胞记录在动物中表现出的反应，奖励和厌恶的刺激和一些人类的非面部刺激的fMRI调查。他们指出，奖励回路并不处理任何简单的跨结构功能分离的面子价。知觉者性别调节了我们对男性面孔的一些反应：女性表现出更强的线性效应，男性表现出更强的非线性效应，这可能具有功能性影响。我们在整个奖励回路中发现的对吸引力的非线性反应与杏仁核研究的历史相呼应：早期的研究表明，对威胁性刺激（包括面孔）的线性反应;后来的研究也揭示了一种非线性反应，对情感上突出的刺激（无论效价如何）的激活程度都有所提高。挑战仍然是确定这种双重编码如何影响感觉，如快乐和痛苦，并指导与目标相关的行为反应，如接近和回避。
Positive behavioral responses to attractive faces have led neuroscientists to investigate underlying neural mechanisms in a ‘reward circuit’ that includes brain regions innervated by dopamine pathways. Using male faces ranging from attractive to extremely unattractive, disfigured ones, this study is the first to demonstrate heightened responses to both rewarding and aversive faces in numerous areas of this putative reward circuit. Parametric analyses employing orthogonal linear and nonlinear regressors revealed positive nonlinear effects in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LOFC), striatum (nucleus accumbens (NAC), caudate, putamen), and ventral tegmental area (VTA), in addition to replicating previously documented linear effects in MOFC and LOFC and nonlinear effects in AMY and MOFC. The widespread nonlinear responses are consistent both with single cell recordings in animals showing responses to both rewarding and aversive stimuli and some human fMRI investigations of non-face stimuli. They indicate that the reward circuit does not process face valence with any simple dissociation of function across structures. Perceiver gender modulated some responses to our male faces: women showed stronger linear effects, and men showed stronger nonlinear effects, which may have functional implications. Our discovery of nonlinear responses to attractiveness throughout the reward circuit echoes the history of amygdala research: early work indicated a linear response to threatening stimuli, including faces; later work also revealed a nonlinear response with heightened activation to affectively salient stimuli regardless of valence. The challenge remains to determine how such dual coding influences feelings, like pleasure and pain, and guides goal-related behavioral responses, like approach and avoidance.
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