Downstream Evolution and Coastal-to-Inland Transition of Landfalling Lake-Effect Systems

Downstream Evolution and Coastal-to-Inland Transition of Landfalling Lake-Effect Systems
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登陆湖泊效应系统的下游演化和沿海到内陆的转变

DOI:
10.1175/mwr-d-20-0253.1
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
3.2
通讯作者:
Minder, Justin R.
Minder, Justin R.
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gowan, Thomas M.;Steenburgh, W. James;Minder, Justin R.

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湖海效应(以下简称湖效应)降水的分布和强度受湖效应系统登陆方式的强烈影响。在这里,我们使用理想的大涡模拟来研究两种湖效应模式的下游演变和沿海到内陆的转变:1)由椭圆形水体(以下简称湖泊,如安大略湖)产生的长湖轴平行(LLAP)带和2)由开阔湖泊(如日本海)产生的大覆盖、开放单元对流。在相同的大气条件和湖表面温度下,椭圆形湖泊沿湖中轴线形成强降水的LLAP带,而开阔湖泊则形成覆盖范围广的开孔对流,形成广泛的轻积累。在椭圆形湖泊上空,LLAP带的特征是一个热强迫和绝热增强的跨带次级环流,在湖中轴上空辐合和上升。在湖的下游,避免湖泊变化的侧翼气流在带下合并,在那里它们经历升华冷却,形成一个冷池。在冷池的上游边缘,形成了沿海斜压区。在此区域之上,上升和水流星质量增长最大化,由于随后的水流星运输和沉降,导致内陆降水最大化。在开阔的湖面上,单个开阔细胞随着水面的扩大而变大变强,但在海岸处开始对流向层状转变。在这里,对流强度减弱,中尺度上升开始,水成物增长增强导致内陆降水最大值。这些结果强调了湖效应系统从沿海向内陆过渡的变化,最终影响了湖效应降水的分布和强度。
The distribution and intensity of lake- and sea-effect (hereafter lake-effect) precipitation are strongly influenced by the mode of landfalling lake-effect systems. Here, we used idealized large-eddy simulations to investigate the downstream evolution and coastal-to-inland transition of two lake-effect modes: 1) a long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) band generated by an oval body of water (hereafter lake; e.g., Lake Ontario) and 2) broad-coverage, open-cell convection generated by an open lake (e.g., Sea of Japan). Under identical atmospheric conditions and lake-surface temperatures, the oval lake generates a LLAP band with heavy precipitation along the midlake axis, whereas the open lake generates broad-coverage, open-cell convection with widespread, light accumulations. Over the oval lake, the LLAP band features a thermally forced and diabatically enhanced cross-band secondary circulation with convergence and ascent over the midlake axis. Downstream of the lake, flanking airstreams that avoid lake modification merge beneath the band where they experience sublimational cooling, producing a cold pool. At the upstream edge of the cold pool, a coastal baroclinic zone forms. Above this zone, ascent and hydrometeor mass growth are maximized, resulting in an inland precipitation maximum due to subsequent hydrometeor transport and fallout. Over the open lake, individual open cells grow larger and stronger with overwater extent, but a convective-to-stratiform transition begins at the coast. Here, convective vigor decays, mesoscale ascent begins, and enhanced hydrometeor growth results in an inland precipitation maximum. These results highlight variations in the coastal-to-inland transition of lake-effect systems that ultimately influence the distribution and intensity of lake-effect precipitation.
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