Development of Wheat With Hypoimmunogenic Gluten Obstructed by the Gene Editing Policy in Europe.
Development of Wheat With Hypoimmunogenic Gluten Obstructed by the Gene Editing Policy in Europe.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2018.01523
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Smulders MJM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jouanin A;Boyd L;Visser RGF;Smulders MJM
乳糜泻 (CD) 是 1-2% 的人群对麸质的自身免疫反应。不含小麦、大麦和黑麦的无麸质 (GF) 饮食是唯一的补救措施。这种饮食很难坚持，部分原因是许多加工产品中添加了小麦麸质，因为它们具有粘弹性。此外，GF产品不太健康且价格昂贵。仅含有低免疫原性麸质蛋白的小麦产品将是一个理想的选择。多种引发 CD 的麸质肽已得到表征。一个小麦品种含有大约数百个麸质基因，产生具有不同数量表位的蛋白质。使用 CRISPR/Cas9 进行基因编辑可以精确去除或修改编码免疫原性肽的 DNA 序列。因此，具有低免疫原性麸质的小麦证明了基因编辑在改良传统育种无法成功的人类消费作物方面的潜力。我们在此描述，在培育低免疫原性小麦品种方面，欧洲对基因编辑植物应用转基因法规的不一致之处，而突变育种衍生的植物则被豁免。我们解释说，源自这项新技术的健康产品可能会在美国、加拿大、阿根廷和其他国家上市，但不会在欧洲上市，因为对意外转基因风险的严格监管是以降低患者现有的免疫原性风险为代价的。我们认为，基因编辑植物的监管应该基于科学证据。因此，我们强烈建议实施创新原则。负责任的研究和创新，让包括克罗恩病患者协会在内的利益相关者参与基因编辑产品的开发，将推动健康产品的发展并鼓励公众接受。
Coeliac Disease (CD) is an auto-immune reaction to gluten in 1–2% of the human population. A gluten-free (GF) diet, excluding wheat, barley, and rye, is the only remedy. This diet is difficult to adhere to, partly because wheat gluten is added to many processed products for their viscoelastic properties. In addition, GF products are less healthy and expensive. Wheat products containing only hypoimmunogenic gluten proteins would be a desirable option. Various gluten peptides that trigger CD have been characterized. A single wheat variety contains around hundred gluten genes, producing proteins with varying numbers of epitopes. Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 can precisely remove or modify the DNA sequences coding for immunogenic peptides. Wheat with hypoimmunogenic gluten thus exemplifies the potential of gene editing for improving crops for human consumption where conventional breeding cannot succeed. We describe here, in relation to breeding hypoimmunogenic wheat varieties, the inconsistencies of applying GM regulation in Europe for gene-edited plants while mutation breeding-derived plants are exempted. We explain that healthy products derived from this new technology may become available in the United States, Canada, Argentina and other countries but not in Europe, because of strict regulation of unintended GM risk at the expense of reduction the existing immunogenicity risks of patients. We argue that regulation of gene-edited plants should be based on scientific evidence. Therefore, we strongly recommend implementing the innovation principle. Responsible Research and Innovation, involving stakeholders including CD patient societies in the development of gene-editing products, will enable progress toward healthy products and encourage public acceptance.
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DOI：
10.1097/mpg.0b013e31821a23d0
发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Husby, S.;Koletzko, S.;Zimmer, K. P.
通讯作者：
Zimmer, K. P.
影响因子：
8.1
作者：
Jouanin, Aurelie;Gilissen, Luud J. W. J.;Smulders, Marinus J. M.
通讯作者：
Smulders, Marinus J. M.
影响因子：
9
作者：
Koning, Frits
通讯作者：
Koning, Frits
影响因子：
82.9
作者：
Anderson, RP;Degano, P;Hill, AVS
通讯作者：
Hill, AVS
DOI：
10.3390/v7082819
发表时间：
2015-07-30
期刊：
Viruses
影响因子：
--
作者：
Lucht JM
通讯作者：
Lucht JM