The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi.
The fastest flights in nature: high-speed spore discharge mechanisms among fungi.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0003237
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发表时间：
2008-09-17
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Money NP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yafetto L;Carroll L;Cui Y;Davis DJ;Fischer MW;Henterly AC;Kessler JD;Kilroy HA;Shidler JB;Stolze-Rybczynski JL;Sugawara Z;Money NP
在真菌中进化出了各种孢子排出过程。射程最远的是由静压提供动力的喷枪，包括子囊纲和接合菌纲中最常见的“水枪”。在这些真菌中，支持单孢子或充满孢子的孢子囊的充满液体的茎，或含有多个孢子的称为ASCI的细胞，受到渗透作用的压力。由于孢子以如此高的速度释放，以前研究中关于发射过程的大部分信息都是从数学模型中推断出来的，可能会出现一些错误。在这项研究中，我们使用了最高帧速率为250,000帧/秒的超高速摄像机来分析生长在食草动物粪便上的四种真菌的整个发射过程。我们第一次在这些真菌中直接测量了发射速度，并对加速度进行了经验估计。发射速度从2米到25米不等，S−1号的相应加速度为20,000到180,000克推进孢子，最远距离为2.5米。此外，定量光谱方法被用来鉴定有机和无机渗透分子，这些渗透分子负责产生驱动孢子释放的膨胀压力。新的视频数据使我们能够测试不同模型的粘性阻力效应，并找出以前模拟孢子运动的方法中的错误。光谱数据表明，真菌中的高速孢子排出机制是由相同水平的膨压驱动的，这是真菌菌丝的特征，不需要任何特殊的渗透分子积累机制。
A variety of spore discharge processes have evolved among the fungi. Those with the longest ranges are powered by hydrostatic pressure and include “squirt guns” that are most common in the Ascomycota and Zygomycota. In these fungi, fluid-filled stalks that support single spores or spore-filled sporangia, or cells called asci that contain multiple spores, are pressurized by osmosis. Because spores are discharged at such high speeds, most of the information on launch processes from previous studies has been inferred from mathematical models and is subject to a number of errors. In this study, we have used ultra-high-speed video cameras running at maximum frame rates of 250,000 fps to analyze the entire launch process in four species of fungi that grow on the dung of herbivores. For the first time we have direct measurements of launch speeds and empirical estimates of acceleration in these fungi. Launch speeds ranged from 2 to 25 m s−1 and corresponding accelerations of 20,000 to 180,000 g propelled spores over distances of up to 2.5 meters. In addition, quantitative spectroscopic methods were used to identify the organic and inorganic osmolytes responsible for generating the turgor pressures that drive spore discharge. The new video data allowed us to test different models for the effect of viscous drag and identify errors in the previous approaches to modeling spore motion. The spectroscopic data show that high speed spore discharge mechanisms in fungi are powered by the same levels of turgor pressure that are characteristic of fungal hyphae and do not require any special mechanisms of osmolyte accumulation.
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影响因子：
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