Lipid biomarkers: molecular tools for illuminating the history of microbial life

Lipid biomarkers: molecular tools for illuminating the history of microbial life
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脂质生物标志物:阐明微生物生命史的分子工具

DOI:
10.1038/s41579-021-00636-2
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
88.1
通讯作者:
Gold, David A.
Gold, David A.
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Summons, Roger E.;Welander, Paula V.;Gold, David A.

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沉积岩中保存的化石脂质为了解地球古生物学提供了独特的见解。这些“生物标志物”编码的信息涉及大气和海洋的氧化,海洋浮游生物的转变,大陆的绿化,大规模灭绝和气候变化。从历史上看,生物标志物的解释依赖于现存微生物和自然环境中的对应物中存在的脂质的库存。然而,进展受到阻碍,因为只有一小部分地球微生物可以培养,过去的许多环境重要微生物不再存在,并且有关脂质生物合成的知识存在巨大漏洞。基因组学和生物信息学的革命提供了新的工具,以扩大我们对脂质生物标志物,其生物合成途径和自然界中的分布的理解。在这篇综述中,我们将探讨保存的有机分子如何为地球微生物生命的历史提供独特的视角。我们讨论了分子生物学的进展如何帮助阐明生物标志物的起源,并提供了更强大的解释化石脂质和岩石记录如何提供重要的校准点的分子钟。随着可访问数据库中测序微生物基因组的扩展,这些研究可以进一步利用。
Fossilized lipids preserved in sedimentary rocks offer singular insights into the Earth’s palaeobiology. These ‘biomarkers’ encode information pertaining to the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans, transitions in ocean plankton, the greening of continents, mass extinctions and climate change. Historically, biomarker interpretations relied on inventories of lipids present in extant microorganisms and counterparts in natural environments. However, progress has been impeded because only a small fraction of the Earth’s microorganisms can be cultured, many environmentally significant microorganisms from the past no longer exist and there are gaping holes in knowledge concerning lipid biosynthesis. The revolution in genomics and bioinformatics has provided new tools to expand our understanding of lipid biomarkers, their biosynthetic pathways and distributions in nature. In this Review, we explore how preserved organic molecules provide a unique perspective on the history of the Earth’s microbial life. We discuss how advances in molecular biology have helped elucidate biomarker origins and afforded more robust interpretations of fossil lipids and how the rock record provides vital calibration points for molecular clocks. Such studies are open to further exploitation with the expansion of sequenced microbial genomes in accessible databases.
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