Oxidative Stress in the Lung - The Essential Paradox.
Oxidative Stress in the Lung - The Essential Paradox.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cotox.2017.09.001
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发表时间：
2018-03
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Cismowski MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rogers LK;Cismowski MJ
随着真核生物生命的进化，对满足复杂生物体要求的能源的需求也在不断增加。氧气提供了巨大的潜在能源，但提供这种潜力的化学反应也可能产生有害的影响。肺作为一个器官进化而来，可以有效地促进整个生物体的气体交换，但同样地，肺对外部环境非常敏感。氧可以通过酶和非酶过程转化为活性氧物种(ROS)和活性氮物种(RNS)，从而导致蛋白质、脂肪和DNA损伤。在正常情况下，ROS/RNS浓度通过位于细胞内和肺上皮衬里液中的抗氧化剂的活性被最小化。当外部暴露或内部暴露，如氧分压改变或空气污染，使抗氧化能力不堪重负或耗尽时，肺内的氧化应激就会产生。氧化应激的内部来源包括系统性疾病和因暴露或系统性反应而招募的常驻细胞和炎症细胞的激活。肺对氧化应激的反应包括氧化酶的激活、脂质过氧化、一氧化氮的增加和自噬。这些内部和外部暴露以及随后的肺部反应促成了与氧化应激直接相关的疾病的发展。这些疾病包括哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌。虽然肺对氧化应激的脆弱性是公认的，但目前几乎没有有效的预防策略或治疗方法可用。
As eukaryotic life evolved, so too did the need for a source of energy that meets the requirements of complex organisms. Oxygen provides this vast potential energy source, but the same chemical reactivity which provides this potential also can have detrimental effects. The lung evolved as an organ that can efficiently promote gas exchange for the entire organism but as such, the lung is highly susceptible to its external environment. Oxygen can be transformed through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes into reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can lead to protein, lipid, and DNA damage. Under normal conditions ROS/RNS concentrations are minimized through the activity of antioxidants located both intracellularly and in the epithelial lining fluid of the lung. Oxidative stress in the lung results when the antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed or depleted through external exposures, such as altered oxygen tension or air pollution, or internally. Internal sources of oxidative stress include systemic disease and the activation of resident cells and inflammatory cells recruited in response to an exposure or systemic response. Pulmonary responses to oxidative stress include activation of oxidases, lipid peroxidation, increases in nitric oxide, and autophagy. These internal and external exposures with the subsequent pulmonary responses contribute to development of diseases directly linked to oxidative stress. These include asthma, COPD, and lung cancers. While the vulnerability of the lung to oxidative stress is acknowledged, few effective preventative strategies or therapeutics are currently available.
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