The promoter of the cereal VERNALIZATION1 gene is sufficient for transcriptional induction by prolonged cold.
The promoter of the cereal VERNALIZATION1 gene is sufficient for transcriptional induction by prolonged cold.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0029456
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Trevaskis B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alonso-Peral MM;Oliver SN;Casao MC;Greenup AA;Trevaskis B
温带谷物的VERNALIZATION1(VRN1)基因在冬季长期寒冷(春化)时被转录激活，以促进开花。将VRN1基因的不同区域与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因融合，并在转基因大麦中检测其表达情况，以探讨VRN1基因在长时间低温诱导中的诱导机制。2 kb的VRN1启动子片段足以满足GFP在转基因大麦叶片和顶端的表达。在花序发生之前，顶端的荧光增强，随后在发育的花序中保持不变。启动子也足以在低温下诱导绿色荧光蛋白的表达。然而，在近端启动子上的自然插入与VRN1表达的增加和一些春小麦的早花有关，并没有取消长期寒冷对VRN1转录的诱导。VRN1启动子和GFP转录区域的翻译融合VRN1：：GFP定位于转基因大麦植株顶端的细胞核。VRN1：：GFP在顶端的分布与VRN1启动子-GFP报告基因的表达模式相似。在发育中的叶片中，VRN1：：GFP融合蛋白的荧光在长时间低温处理后增强。这些观察表明，VRN1的启动子是以触发春化诱导经济重要的温带谷类作物开花的机制为靶标的。
The VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene of temperate cereals is transcriptionally activated by prolonged cold during winter (vernalization) to promote flowering. To investigate the mechanisms controlling induction of VRN1 by prolonged cold, different regions of the VRN1 gene were fused to the GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) reporter and expression of the resulting gene constructs was assayed in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare). A 2 kb segment of the promoter of VRN1 was sufficient for GFP expression in the leaves and shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. Fluorescence increased at the shoot apex prior to inflorescence initiation and was subsequently maintained in the developing inflorescence. The promoter was also sufficient for low-temperature induction of GFP expression. A naturally occurring insertion in the proximal promoter, which is associated with elevated VRN1 expression and early flowering in some spring wheats, did not abolish induction of VRN1 transcription by prolonged cold, however. A translational fusion of the promoter and transcribed regions of VRN1 to GFP, VRN1::GFP, was localised to nuclei of cells at the shoot apex of transgenic barley plants. The distribution of VRN1::GFP at the shoot apex was similar to the expression pattern of the VRN1 promoter-GFP reporter gene. Fluorescence from the VRN1::GFP fusion protein increased in the developing leaves after prolonged cold treatment. These observations suggest that the promoter of VRN1 is targeted by mechanisms that trigger vernalization-induced flowering in economically important temperate cereal crops.
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