Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness
Naturalistic stimuli reveal a critical period in visual cortex development: Evidence from adult-onset blindness
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自然刺激揭示了视觉皮层发育的关键时期：来自成人失明的证据
DOI：
10.1101/2021.09.14.460305
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bedny, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Musz, E.;Loitile, R.;Chen, J.;Cusack, R.;Bedny, M.
生活经历如何影响大脑皮层功能？在天生失明的人中，“视觉”皮层被招募用于非视觉任务，如盲文阅读和声音定位(例如，Colignon等人，2011年；Sadato等人，1996年)。这一招募的机制尚不清楚。视觉皮层是否具有对整个生命周期中相同的非视觉信息做出反应的潜在能力？或者，是否存在一段高度可塑性的敏感期，使儿童时期的视皮层重新调整用途成为可能？为了深入了解这些问题，我们利用自然主义听觉刺激来量化和比较先天性失明(CB，n=22)、成人起病失明(18岁失明，AB，n=14)和有视力(n=22)个体的跨通道反应。在fMRI扫描中，参与者听电影的听觉摘录；听口头叙述；并匹配无意义的听觉刺激(即，混杂的句子，倒着说话)。这些丰富的自然主义刺激使人们有可能同时接触到广泛的认知域。我们关联了每组中不同参与者的体素时程。对于所有的组，所有的刺激条件都诱导了听觉皮质的同步，对于所有的组，只有叙述性的刺激在高认知额顶叶和颞区的反应是同步的。对于电影和叙事刺激，CB组受试者在视觉皮质中的同步性很高，但对于无意义的听觉控制则不是。相比之下，AB和视力蒙住眼睛的参与者的视觉皮质同步性同样低。即使在成年时失明多年，也不能使儿童时期有视力的人的视觉皮质对自然听觉信息做出反应。这些发现表明，出生时失明的人视皮层的跨模式反应反映了敏感期视觉皮质发育的可塑性。
How do life experiences impact cortical function? In people who are born blind, the “visual” cortices are recruited for nonvisual tasks such as Braille reading and sound localization (e.g., Collignon et al., 2011; Sadato et al., 1996). The mechanisms of this recruitment are not known. Do visual cortices have a latent capacity to respond to nonvisual information that is equal throughout the lifespan? Alternatively, is there a sensitive period of heightened plasticity that makes visual cortex repurposing possible during childhood? To gain insight into these questions, we leveraged naturalistic auditory stimuli to quantify and compare cross-modal responses congenitally blind (CB, n=22), adult-onset blind (vision loss >18 years-of-age, AB, n=14) and sighted (n=22) individuals. Participants listened to auditory excerpts from movies; a spoken narrative; and matched meaningless auditory stimuli (i.e., shuffled sentences, backwards speech) during fMRI scanning. These rich naturalistic stimuli made it possible to simultaneous engage a broad range of cognitive domains. We correlated the voxel-wise timecourses of different participants within each group. For all groups, all stimulus conditions induced synchrony in auditory cortex and for all groups only the narrative stimuli synchronized responses in higher-cognitive fronto-parietal and temporal regions. Inter-subject synchrony in visual cortices was high in the CB group for the movie and narrative stimuli but not for meaningless auditory controls. In contrast, visual cortex synchrony was equally low among AB and sighted blindfolded participants. Even many years of blindness in adulthood fail to enable responses to naturalistic auditory information in visual cortices of people who had sight as children. These findings suggest that cross-modal responses in visual cortex of people born blind reflect the plasticity of developing visual cortex during a sensitive period.
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