The unstable CCTG repeat responsible for myotonic dystrophy type 2 originates from an AluSx element insertion into an early primate genome.

The unstable CCTG repeat responsible for myotonic dystrophy type 2 originates from an AluSx element insertion into an early primate genome.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0038379
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发表时间:
2012
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Matsuura T
Matsuura T
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kurosaki T;Ueda S;Ishida T;Abe K;Ohno K;Matsuura T

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强直性肌营养不良2型(DM 2)是强直性肌营养不良的一种亚型,由锌指蛋白9(ZNF 9)基因内含子1中的四核苷酸CCTG重复扩增引起。扩增是非常不稳定和可变的,范围从75- 11,000个CCTG重复。这种前所未有的重复序列大小和体细胞异质性使得DM 2的分子诊断变得困难,并产生可变的临床表型。为了更好地了解ZNF 9 CCTG重复序列的突变起源和不稳定性,我们分析了26种灵长类动物的重复序列构型和侧翼区。CCTG重复序列之后是一个位于靶位点重复序列(5′-ACTRCCAR-3′或5′-ACTRCCARTTA-3′)两侧的CRTSx元件的3′-末端,表明该重复序列最初来源于Alu元件插入。此外,我们的研究结果揭示了谱系特异性重复基序:新世界猴中富含嘧啶(CT)重复基序,旧世界猴和长臂猿中的二核苷酸(TG)重复基序,以及类人猿和人类中的二核苷酸(TG)和四核苷酸(TCTG和/或CCTG)重复基序。此外,这些二核苷酸和四核苷酸重复基序起源于PISx元件的poly(A)尾,并在灵长类进化过程中进化成不稳定的CCTG重复。已知Alu元件是导致另外两种重复扩增障碍的微卫星重复序列的来源:弗里德赖希共济失调和脊髓小脑共济失调10型。总的来说,这些发现提出了问题的机制(S),通过该机制,ESTA介导的重复发展成大的,非常不稳定的扩展常见于这三种疾病。
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a subtype of the myotonic dystrophies, caused by expansion of a tetranucleotide CCTG repeat in intron 1 of the zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) gene. The expansions are extremely unstable and variable, ranging from 75–11,000 CCTG repeats. This unprecedented repeat size and somatic heterogeneity make molecular diagnosis of DM2 difficult, and yield variable clinical phenotypes. To better understand the mutational origin and instability of the ZNF9 CCTG repeat, we analyzed the repeat configuration and flanking regions in 26 primate species. The 3′-end of an AluSx element, flanked by target site duplications (5′-ACTRCCAR-3′or 5′-ACTRCCARTTA-3′), followed the CCTG repeat, suggesting that the repeat was originally derived from the Alu element insertion. In addition, our results revealed lineage-specific repetitive motifs: pyrimidine (CT)-rich repeat motifs in New World monkeys, dinucleotide (TG) repeat motifs in Old World monkeys and gibbons, and dinucleotide (TG) and tetranucleotide (TCTG and/or CCTG) repeat motifs in great apes and humans. Moreover, these di- and tetra-nucleotide repeat motifs arose from the poly (A) tail of the AluSx element, and evolved into unstable CCTG repeats during primate evolution. Alu elements are known to be the source of microsatellite repeats responsible for two other repeat expansion disorders: Friedreich ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 10. Taken together, these findings raise questions as to the mechanism(s) by which Alu-mediated repeats developed into the large, extremely unstable expansions common to these three disorders.
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影响因子: --
作者:
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