Mechanisms of nucleic acid degradation and high hydrostatic pressure tolerance of a novel deep-sea wall-less bacterium.
Mechanisms of nucleic acid degradation and high hydrostatic pressure tolerance of a novel deep-sea wall-less bacterium.
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无壁细菌广泛分布于不同的栖息地。它们是从厚壁门的共同祖先通过还原进化进化而来的。在这里，我们报道了一种新的自由生活的无壁细菌Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29的培养、鉴定和多相分类分析。我们证明菌株zrk29在实验室条件和深海条件下都具有很强的降解DNA和RNA的能力。我们发现核酸诱导菌株zrk29释放慢性噬菌体，支持菌株zrk29和其他海洋细菌在不裂解宿主细胞的情况下代谢核酸。我们还发现菌株zrk29通过两种途径耐受高静水压力：(i)通过向细胞内输送阳离子来增加细胞内渗透压；（ii）通过调节细胞膜磷脂中的不饱和脂肪酸链含量来增加细胞膜流动性。该研究扩展了我们对自由生活的无壁细菌的认识，并为探索深海微生物独特的适应机制提供了一个有用的模型。Tenericutes细菌是一种典型的无壁细菌，其独特的生理和生存策略吸引了科学家和公众，特别是在具有高静水压力（HHP）和营养物质有限的极端深海环境中。在这里，我们从深海沉积物中分离出一种新的自由生活的Tenericutes菌株，并发现它在慢性噬菌体的支持下代谢核酸。这种Tenericutes菌株通过增加细胞内渗透压和细胞膜磷脂的不饱和脂肪酸链含量来耐受HHP胁迫。我们的研究结果提供了对深海自由生活的Tenericutes细菌独特生理的见解，并强调了慢性噬菌体在帮助无壁细菌适应恶劣条件方面发挥的重要作用。
Wall-less bacteria are broadly distributed in diverse habitats. They evolved from a common ancestor within the Firmicutes phylum through reductive evolution. Here, we report the cultivation, characterization, and polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the novel free-living wall-less bacterium, Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29. We demonstrated that strain zrk29 had a strong ability to degrade DNA and RNA both under laboratory conditions and in the deep sea. We found that nucleic acids induced strain zrk29 to release chronic bacteriophages which supported strain zrk29 and other marine bacteria to metabolize nucleic acids without lysing host cells. We also showed that strain zrk29 tolerated high hydrostatic pressure via two pathways: (i) by transporting cations into its cells to increase intracellular osmotic pressure and (ii) by adjusting the unsaturated fatty acid chain content in its cell membrane phospholipids to increase cell membrane fluidity. This study extends our understanding of free-living wall-less bacteria and provides a useful model to explore the unique adaptation mechanisms of deep-sea microbes. The unique physiology and survival strategies of the Tenericutes bacterium—a typical wall-less bacterium—have fascinated scientists and the public, especially in extreme deep-sea environments where there is high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and limited availability of nutrients. Here, we have isolated a novel free-living Tenericutes strain from deep-sea sediment and have found that it metabolizes nucleic acids with the support of chronic bacteriophages. This Tenericutes strain tolerates HHP stress by increasing intracellular osmotic pressure and the unsaturated fatty acid chain content of phospholipids in its cell membrane. Our results provide insights into the unique physiology of deep-sea free-living Tenericutes bacteria and highlight the significant role that chronic bacteriophages play in assisting wall-less bacteria to adapt to harsh conditions.
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