Does observability affect prosociality?

Does observability affect prosociality?
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DOI:
10.1098/rspb.2018.0116
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发表时间:
2018-03-28
期刊:
Proceedings. Biological sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ferguson E
Ferguson E
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Bradley A;Lawrence C;Ferguson E

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对行为的观察是支撑许多亲社会性模型的关键理论参数。然而,显示可观察性对亲社会性的影响的经验发现是喜忧参半的。在这一元分析中,我们通过探索这一联系的关键理论和方法调节因素,探索可能解释这种差异的边界条件。我们确定了117篇论文,产生了134个研究水平的影响(总计n=788164),并发现可观察性和亲社会性之间存在微小但有统计学意义的正相关(r=0.141,95%可信区间=0.106,0.175)。主持人分析表明,可观察性对亲社会性产生更大的影响:(I)在被动观察者(即只观察参与者的人)在场的情况下,相对于被监视的感觉,(Ii)当参与者的决定是结果的(而不是非结果的)时,(Iii)当研究在实验室进行时(而不是在现场/在线),(Iv)当研究使用重复的测量(而不是单一的游戏)时,以及(V)当研究涉及社会困境(而不是讨价还价游戏)时。这些效应表明了最大限度地观察到可观察性对亲社会性的影响的条件。我们描述了这些结果的理论和实践意义。
The observation of behaviour is a key theoretical parameter underlying a number of models of prosociality. However, the empirical findings showing the effect of observability on prosociality are mixed. In this meta-analysis, we explore the boundary conditions that may account for this variability, by exploring key theoretical and methodological moderators of this link. We identified 117 papers yielding 134 study level effects (total n = 788 164) and found a small but statistically significant, positive association between observability and prosociality (r = 0.141, 95% confidence interval = 0.106, 0.175). Moderator analysis showed that observability produced stronger effects on prosociality: (i) in the presence of passive observers (i.e. people whose role was to only observe participants) versus perceptions of being watched, (ii) when participants’ decisions were consequential (versus non-consequential), (iii) when the studies were performed in the laboratory (as opposed to in the field/online), (iv) when the studies used repeated measures (instead of single games), and (v) when the studies involved social dilemmas (instead of bargaining games). These effects show the conditions under which observability effects on prosociality will be maximally observed. We describe the theoretical and practical significance of these results.
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