Melanocytes in Human Embryonic and Fetal Skin: A Review and New Findings
Melanocytes in Human Embryonic and Fetal Skin: A Review and New Findings
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人类胚胎和胎儿皮肤中的黑素细胞：回顾和新发现
DOI：
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. A. Foster
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Holbrook;A. Vogel;R. Underwood;C. A. Foster
黑素细胞约占成人表皮细胞的5-10%。与外胚层来源的角质形成细胞不同，它们起源于神经嵴并在发育早期迁移到表皮。自19世纪末以来，人们对发育中的人类皮肤中的黑素细胞产生了兴趣，当时在日本胎儿的骶骨尾骨皮肤中发现了集中的色素细胞。这一观察结果引发了对该部位（蒙古斑）黑素细胞种族性质的猜测和随后的调查，其他种族胎儿中黑素细胞的存在，这些细胞在真皮和表皮中出现的时间，以及它们的起源。早期的研究者主要依赖于染色前黑素小体或着色黑素小体的组织化学方法，或者依赖于黑素小体内酪氨酸酶的活性来影响多巴反应。电子显微镜研究通过解析黑素体的结构而不考虑其色素沉着状态，进一步证明了皮肤中黑素细胞的存在。然而，所有这些方法都只识别分化的黑素细胞。齐默尔曼及其同事在1948年至1955年期间对大量黑色胚胎和胎儿皮肤中的黑素细胞进行了彻底的研究，深入了解了黑素细胞在真皮（10-11周的月经期）和表皮（11-12周）中出现的时间，并揭示了这些细胞在身体几个区域皮肤的两个区域中的密度。三岛和Widlan（J Invest Dermatol 1966; 46：263-277）的研究对黑素细胞在发育毛囊中的精确定位做出了贡献。最近，已经开发了单克隆抗体，其识别黑素瘤细胞和发育中的黑素细胞（但不是正常的成人黑素细胞）的表面上或细胞质中的常见癌胚抗原或癌分化抗原。这些抗体识别细胞，而不管黑素体的存在或不存在或它们在色素合成中的活性，因此是重新检查发育中的人类皮肤中黑素细胞的存在、密度和分布模式的有价值的工具。使用这些抗体之一（HMB-45），发现树突状黑素细胞以与新生儿表皮相当的密度存在于估计胎龄为40至50天的表皮中，并且以相对非随机的模式分布。关于细胞流入表皮、真皮内保留的成黑素细胞的潜在储库、表皮黑素细胞的分裂以及发育期间黑素细胞和角质形成细胞的相互作用的许多问题仍然没有解决。不过，现在似乎可以使用工具开始探索其中的许多问题。
Melanocytes account for approximately 5–10% percent of the cells in adult epidermis. Unlike the ectodermally derived keratinocytes, they originate in the neural crest and migrate into the epidermis early in development. There has been an interest in melanocytes in developing human skin since the late 1800s, when concentrated pigmented cells were identified in the sacro-coccygeal skin of Japanese fetuses. This observation led to speculation and subsequent investigation about the racial nature of the melanocytes in this site (the Mongolian spot), the presence of melanocytes in fetuses of other races, the timing of appearance of these cells in both the dermis and epidermis, and their origin. The early investigators relied primarily on histochemical methods that stained either the premelanosome or the pigmented melanosome, or relied upon the activity of tyrosinase within the melanosome to effect the DOPA reaction. Studies by electron microscopy added further documentation to the presence of melanocytes in the skin by resolving the structure of the melanosome regardless of its state of pigmentation. All of these methods recognized, however, only differentiated melanocytes. The thorough investigations of melanocytes in the skin from a large number of black embryos and fetuses by Zimmerman and colleagues between 1948 and 1955 provided insight into the time of appearance of melanocytes in the dermis (10–11 weeks' menstrual age) and the epidermis (11–12 weeks) and revealed the density of these cells in both zones of the skin of several regions of the body. The precise localization of the melanocytes in the developing hair follicles was contributed by the studies of Mishima and Widlan (J Invest Dermatol 1966; 46:263–277). More recently, monoclonal antibodies have been developed that recognize common oncofetal or oncodifferentiation antigens on the surface or in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells and developing melanocytes (but not normal adult melanocytes). These antibodies recognize the cells irrespective of the presence or absence of melanosomes or their activity in the synthesis of pigment and therefore are valuable tools for re-examining the presence, density, and distribution patterns of melanocytes in developing human skin. Using one of these antibodies (HMB-45), it was found that dendritic melanocytes are present in the epidermis between 40 and 50 days estimated gestational age in a density comparable with that of newborn epidermis and are distributed in relatively non-random patterns. A number of questions about the influx of cells into the epidermis, potential reservoirs of melanoblasts retained within the dermis, division of epidermal melanocytes, and the interaction of melanocytes and keratinocytes during development remain unresolved. The tools now appear to be available, however, to begin to explore many of these questions.
DOI：
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发表时间：
1983-04
期刊：
Journal of embryology and experimental morphology
影响因子：
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作者：
C. Erickson;J. A. Weston
通讯作者：
C. Erickson;J. A. Weston
影响因子：
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作者：
SMITH, LT;HOLBROOK, KA;MADRI, JA
通讯作者：
MADRI, JA