Short‐ and Long‐Term Visions for Protecting Coral Reefs
Short‐ and Long‐Term Visions for Protecting Coral Reefs
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保护珊瑚礁的短期和长期愿景
DOI：
10.1002/lob.10427
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nowakowski, Catherine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wilkins, Keiko W.;Rosa‐Marín, Angelique;Cziesielski, Maha;Hughes, Hunter;Love, Connor;Nowakowski, Catherine
珊瑚礁生态系统面临许多局部威胁，包括人口增加、沿海开发、渔业和污染，这些威胁对珊瑚礁造成严重破坏，而全球人为气候变化正在改变珊瑚栖息地的环境。由于这些压力因素，迫切需要重新评估和实施有效的管理实践，以立即和长期保护珊瑚礁。目前存在大规模的管理技术，包括各种各样的保护、技术、生态和监测技术，仅举几例。然而，由于珊瑚礁生态的复杂性以及当地和区域的差异，理解和确定有效的管理实践来解决珊瑚现在和未来的命运具有挑战性。考虑到这些困难，对于早期职业研究人员来说，维持珊瑚礁未来的健康似乎是一项艰巨的任务。然而，通过科学和经济研究以及技术创新的激增，人们对珊瑚礁生态系统的了解不断加深，管理目标、技术和实施都得到了改善，从而使之前受到威胁的珊瑚礁成功恢复和恢复活力（Duarte 等人，2020）。这些成功的努力不仅为职业生涯早期的科学家，也为那些几十年来一直为保护珊瑚礁而奋斗的人们带来了希望，即现在采取行动还为时不晚。随着更多工具的开发和知识的提高，保护珊瑚礁免受当地和全球人为压力源影响的雄心也越来越大。我们可以采取多种行动来改进当前的管理策略（图 1）。作为职业生涯早期的研究人员，我们对目前正在制定和应用的有前景的短期和长期珊瑚礁保护战略提出了自己的观点，这些战略为确保珊瑚礁生态系统的未来展现了充满希望的步骤。 珊瑚礁保护的立即行动 目前，我们认为有一些基于研究的管理战略是有效的。从短期来看，目前广泛使用的一种有希望的管理策略是指定海洋保护区（MPA），它管理特定的保护目标。新研究成果的结合极大地改进了这些管理实践并取得了巨大成功。海洋保护区已广泛应用于各种社会和经济状况，其保护的海洋面积达 2690 万平方公里 (http://mpatlas.org/)，覆盖范围每年增加 8% (Worm 2017)。我们已经看到，这种管理工具通过管理过度捕捞、控制当地压力源和恢复栖息地，成功地改善了鱼类种群的恢复（Duarte 等人，2020）。我们认为，立即保护珊瑚礁的希望主要来自国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）领导的国际努力，旨在通过实施海洋保护区网络，到 2030 年保护 30% 的海洋。迄今为止，海洋保护区已显示出很大的希望，但仍有改进的空间。据估计，将当前海洋保护区扩大 5% 将使未来鱼类种群数量增加多达 20%（Cabral 等人，2020 年）。我们相信，实施长期管理计划可以减少当地的压力源。为了实现这种有效性，需要对特定海洋保护区的保护需求进行评估，因为珊瑚礁生态系统以及作用于它们的本地与全球压力源具有广泛的多样性。在基于需求的评估之后，持续监控应有助于为具体的后续行动提供信息……
Coral reef ecosystems face a number of local threats, including increasing human populations, coastal development, fisheries, and pollution, which cause severe destruction on reefs, while global anthropogenic climate change is altering the environment of coral habitats. Due to these stressors, there is a crucial need to reevaluate and implement effective management practices to protect coral reefs immediately and in the long term. Broadscale management techniques currently exist, including a wide variety of conservation, technological, ecological, and monitoring techniques, to name but a few. However, due to the complexity of coral reef ecology and local and regional differences, understanding and identifying effective management practices to address corals’ present and future fate is challenging. Given these difficulties, maintaining the future health of coral reefs can often seem like a daunting task for early-career researchers. However, increasing understanding of coral reef ecosystems through scientific and economic research, as well as a surge in technological innovations, has led to improved management ambitions, techniques, and implementations which have resulted in successful recovery and rejuvenation of previously threatened reefs (Duarte et al. 2020). These successful endeavors provide hope, not only for early-career scientists, but also for those who have been fighting for the protection of reefs for decades, that it is not too late to take action. With the development of more tools and improved knowledge, there are also increasing ambitions to protect reefs from local as well as global anthropogenic stressors. There are several actions which we can take to improve current management strategies (Fig. 1). As early-career researchers, we provide our perspectives on promising immediate and long-term coral reef protection strategies which are currently being developed and applied that show hopeful steps to ensuring the future of reef ecosystems.IMMEDIATE ACTION FOR REEF PROTECTION Currently, there are a few research-based management strategies which we believe can be effective. In the short term, one hopeful management strategy which is currently used widely is the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs), which manage specific conservation objectives. Incorporation of new research findings has greatly improved these management practices and led to much success. MPAs have become widespread in various social and economic situations with 26.9 million km2 of the ocean protected by them (http://mpatlas. org/) and with coverage increasing by 8% per year (Worm 2017). We have seen that this management tool has successfully improved the recovery of fish populations by managing overfishing, controlling local stressors, and recovering habitats (Duarte et al. 2020). We believe that hope for the immediate protection of coral reefs comes primarily from international efforts led by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030 through the implementation of a network of MPAs. MPAs have shown much promise thus far, but there is room for improvement. Expanding current MPAs by 5% has been estimated to improve future fish stocks by as much as 20%(Cabral et al. 2020). We believe that the implementation of long-term managing programs can reduce local stressors. For that effectiveness to be realized, an assessment of the conservation needs of the specific MPAs are required due to the wide diversity of coral reef ecosystems and local vs. global stressors acting upon them. After a needs-based evaluation, continued monitoring should help inform specific follow-up …
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1701262114
发表时间：
2017-06
期刊：
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
影响因子：
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作者：
C. Roberts;Bethan C. O’Leary;D. McCauley;P. Cury;C. Duarte;J. Lubchenco;D. Pauly;A. Saenz-Arroyo;U. R. Sumaila;R. Wilson;B. Worm;J. Castilla
通讯作者：
C. Roberts;Bethan C. O’Leary;D. McCauley;P. Cury;C. Duarte;J. Lubchenco;D. Pauly;A. Saenz-Arroyo;U. R. Sumaila;R. Wilson;B. Worm;J. Castilla
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Day, JC
通讯作者：
Day, JC
传达对珊瑚礁的希望
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nowakowski, Catherine;Hughes, Hunter;Love, Connor;Marin, Angelique Rosa;Wilkins, Keiko;Cziesielski, Maha J.
通讯作者：
Cziesielski, Maha J.