Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks.
Extracellular Vesicles Linking Inflammation, Cancer and Thrombotic Risks.
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DOI：
10.3389/fcell.2022.859863
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Schmid JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beck S;Hochreiter B;Schmid JA
细胞外囊泡（EV）被定义为脂质双层包围的颗粒，由几乎所有已知的哺乳动物细胞类型释放，并且代表在血液循环和所有其他已知体液中发现的一组异质细胞片段。目前的命名法主要区分三种形式：微泡，其通过从质膜出芽形成;外泌体，其在具有管腔内囊泡的内体与质膜融合时释放;以及代表凋亡细胞片段的凋亡小体。在过去的十年中，当人们发现它们通过将核苷酸和蛋白质转移到受体细胞来促进细胞间通讯时，它们对各种生物过程的重要性变得越来越明显。在这篇综述中，我们描述了几个方面的分离，纯化和分析，并讨论了一些陷阱，必须考虑在其中。此外，我们描述了EV的各种细胞来源，并通过不同的例子解释了它们如何将癌症和炎症与血栓形成过程联系起来。特别是，我们详细阐述了EV在癌症相关血栓形成和COVID-19中的作用，代表了两个重要的范例，其中局部病理过程至少部分通过EV对整个生物体产生全身性影响。最后，我们还讨论了该领域未来可能的发展，以及EV如何用作诊断的生物标志物和治疗的载体。
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) being defined as lipid-bilayer encircled particles are released by almost all known mammalian cell types and represent a heterogenous set of cell fragments that are found in the blood circulation and all other known body fluids. The current nomenclature distinguishes mainly three forms: microvesicles, which are formed by budding from the plasma membrane; exosomes, which are released, when endosomes with intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane; and apoptotic bodies representing fragments of apoptotic cells. Their importance for a great variety of biological processes became increasingly evident in the last decade when it was discovered that they contribute to intercellular communication by transferring nucleotides and proteins to recipient cells. In this review, we delineate several aspects of their isolation, purification, and analysis; and discuss some pitfalls that have to be considered therein. Further on, we describe various cellular sources of EVs and explain with different examples, how they link cancer and inflammatory conditions with thrombotic processes. In particular, we elaborate on the roles of EVs in cancer-associated thrombosis and COVID-19, representing two important paradigms, where local pathological processes have systemic effects in the whole organism at least in part via EVs. Finally, we also discuss possible developments of the field in the future and how EVs might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, and as vehicles for therapeutics.
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