Cracking taste codes by tapping into sensory neuron impulse traffic.
Cracking taste codes by tapping into sensory neuron impulse traffic.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.003
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发表时间：
2008-11
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Contreras, Robert J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frank, Marion E.;Lundy, Robert F., Jr.;Contreras, Robert J.
关键词：
对哺乳动物味觉质量编码的生物学基础的深入了解始于“味觉”神经的电生理记录，这项技术今天仍在继续产生重要的信息。鼓室索（膝状神经节）神经元，特别参与味觉质量的辨别，是专家或通才。在条件味觉测试中，专家对由行为交叉概括定义的单一味觉质量的刺激作出反应。通才会对引发多种厌恶品质的电解质做出反应。啮齿动物的Na+-salt (N)专家和多个目哺乳动物的sweet-stimulus (S)专家都有很好的特征。专家与物种的营养需求有关，他们的激活被内部生理条件和受污染的外部热量来源所影响。S专门性与异二聚体g蛋白偶联受体T1R相关，N专门性与上皮钠通道ENaC相关，它们与味蕾到传入神经元的标记线编码一致。然而，s -专科神经元和行为在包含谷氨酸方面的特异性低于ant1r2 -3， E -通才神经元在包含盐和苦味刺激方面的特异性远低于候选的PDK TRP通道和酸受体。营养物质的特殊标记线和令人厌恶的电解质的通用模式可能同时将味觉信息传递给大脑。然而，通才在味觉品质编码中的特定作用可以通过选择自然情境中的刺激和刺激水平来解决。T2Rs通过舌咽神经参与反射，在哺乳动物的系统发育过程中，随着它们在特定环境位中处理危险物质的进化，它们变得高度多样化。建立信息传入神经元传输到大脑的自然味觉刺激嵌入在动态复杂混合物将最终“破解味觉密码。”
Insights into the biological basis for mammalian taste quality coding began with electrophysiological recordings from “taste” nerves and this technique continues to produce essential information today. Chorda tympani (geniculate ganglion) neurons, which are particularly involved in taste quality discrimination, are specialists or generalists. Specialists respond to stimuli characterized by a single taste quality as defined by behavioral cross-generalization in conditioned taste tests. Generalists respond to electrolytes that elicit multiple aversive qualities. Na+-salt (N) specialists in rodents and sweet-stimulus (S) specialists in multiple orders of mammals are well-characterized. Specialists are associated with species’ nutritional needs and their activation is known to be malleable by internal physiological conditions and contaminated external caloric sources. S specialists, associated with the heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor: T1R, and N specialists, associated with the epithelial sodium channel: ENaC, are consistent with labeled line coding from taste bud to afferent neuron. Yet, S-specialist neurons and behavior are less specific thanT1R2-3 in encompassing glutamate and E generalist neurons are much less specific than a candidate, PDK TRP channel, sour receptor in encompassing salts and bitter stimuli. Specialist labeled lines for nutrients and generalist patterns for aversive electrolytes may be transmitting taste information to the brain side by side. However, specific roles of generalists in taste quality coding may be resolved by selecting stimuli and stimulus levels found in natural situations. T2Rs, participating in reflexes via the glossopharynygeal nerve, became highly diversified in mammalian phylogenesis as they evolved to deal with dangerous substances within specific environmental niches. Establishing the information afferent neurons traffic to the brain about natural taste stimuli imbedded in dynamic complex mixtures will ultimately “crack taste codes.”
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