Microbial biogeography of public restroom surfaces.
Microbial biogeography of public restroom surfaces.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0028132
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Fierer N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Flores GE;Bates ST;Knights D;Lauber CL;Stombaugh J;Knight R;Fierer N
我们一生中的大部分时间都在室内度过，我们不断暴露在表面上的细菌中。然而，这些表面相关社区的多样性在很大程度上是未知的。我们探索了12个公共卫生间中每一个的10个表面上的细菌所表现出的地理分布模式。使用16 S rRNA基因的高通量条形码焦磷酸测序，我们在所有表面上鉴定了19个细菌门。大多数序列属于四个门：放线菌门，拟杆菌门，厚壁菌门和变形菌门。这些群落分为三大类：在与厕所相关的表面上发现的群落，在洗手间地板上发现的群落，以及在经常用手触摸的表面上发现的群落。在厕所表面，肠道相关的类群更普遍，这表明这些表面的粪便污染。地板表面是所有群落中最多样化的，包含土壤中常见的几个类群。皮肤相关的细菌，特别是丙酸杆菌科，占主导地位的表面经常接触我们的手。某些分类群在女性洗手间中比男性洗手间中更常见，因为阴道相关的乳酸杆菌科广泛分布于女性洗手间中，可能来自尿液污染。SourceTracker算法的使用证实了我们的许多分类学观察结果，因为人类皮肤是洗手间表面细菌的主要来源。总的来说，这些结果表明，洗手间表面宿主相对多样化的微生物群落，主要由人类相关细菌组成，不同身体部位上或体内的群落与洗手间表面上发现的群落之间存在明显联系。更一般地说，这项工作与公共卫生领域有关，因为我们表明，与人类相关的微生物通常在洗手间表面上发现，这表明细菌病原体很容易通过接触表面在个体之间传播。此外，我们证明，我们可以使用细菌群落的高通量分析来确定室内表面的细菌来源，这种方法可用于跟踪病原体传播和测试卫生习惯的有效性。
We spend the majority of our lives indoors where we are constantly exposed to bacteria residing on surfaces. However, the diversity of these surface-associated communities is largely unknown. We explored the biogeographical patterns exhibited by bacteria across ten surfaces within each of twelve public restrooms. Using high-throughput barcoded pyrosequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene, we identified 19 bacterial phyla across all surfaces. Most sequences belonged to four phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The communities clustered into three general categories: those found on surfaces associated with toilets, those on the restroom floor, and those found on surfaces routinely touched with hands. On toilet surfaces, gut-associated taxa were more prevalent, suggesting fecal contamination of these surfaces. Floor surfaces were the most diverse of all communities and contained several taxa commonly found in soils. Skin-associated bacteria, especially the Propionibacteriaceae, dominated surfaces routinely touched with our hands. Certain taxa were more common in female than in male restrooms as vagina-associated Lactobacillaceae were widely distributed in female restrooms, likely from urine contamination. Use of the SourceTracker algorithm confirmed many of our taxonomic observations as human skin was the primary source of bacteria on restroom surfaces. Overall, these results demonstrate that restroom surfaces host relatively diverse microbial communities dominated by human-associated bacteria with clear linkages between communities on or in different body sites and those communities found on restroom surfaces. More generally, this work is relevant to the public health field as we show that human-associated microbes are commonly found on restroom surfaces suggesting that bacterial pathogens could readily be transmitted between individuals by the touching of surfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can use high-throughput analyses of bacterial communities to determine sources of bacteria on indoor surfaces, an approach which could be used to track pathogen transmission and test the efficacy of hygiene practices.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Claesson MJ;O'Sullivan O;Wang Q;Nikkilä J;Marchesi JR;Smidt H;de Vos WM;Ross RP;O'Toole PW
通讯作者：
O'Toole PW
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1000162107
发表时间：
2010-04-06
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fierer, Noah;Lauber, Christian L.;Knight, Rob
通讯作者：
Knight, Rob
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0807920105
发表时间：
2008-11-18
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fierer, Noah;Hamady, Micah;Knight, Rob
通讯作者：
Knight, Rob
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Lauber, Christian L.;Hamady, Micah;Fierer, Noah
通讯作者：
Fierer, Noah
DOI：
10.1128/aem.30.2.229-237.1975
发表时间：
1975-01-01
期刊：
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
GERBA, CP;WALLIS, C;MELNICK, JL
通讯作者：
MELNICK, JL