Consciousness and Its Function
Consciousness and Its Function
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意识及其功能
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Rosenthal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Rosenthal
很明显，一个人的意识和一个人对各种事物的意识对于成功的运作都是至关重要的。但是，如果说一个人的心理状态有意识地发生，与那些没有意识地发生的状态相比，它是如何有用的，这一点就不那么清楚了。将注意力限制在认知和欲望状态上，目前有一些关于这些状态的意识如何有用的建议。人们认为，这种意识增强了理性思考和计划、有意行动、执行功能以及复杂推理的纠正过程。我根据各种经验发现和理论考虑来研究这些和相关的建议，并得出结论，认知和欲望状态的意识不太可能以这些或相关的方式有用。这削弱了对进化选择压力的依赖，以解释为什么这种状态经常在人类中有意识地发生。我提出了另一种解释，认为认知和欲望状态是其他非常有用的心理发展的结果，其中一些涉及语言。但是，根据这种解释，这些状态的意识本身并没有给那些其他发展的意识增加任何重要的功能。1.人们普遍认为，只有当我们能够解释某件事时，我们才能理解它，而解释一种自然现象通常意味着将其定位在其独特的因果关系中。此外，当这些现象是生物现象时，定位一种现象往往意味着具体说明它对相关有机体有什么功能。这通常是一个孤立的现象，往往有利于生物体的类型或赋予他们一些适应性或生殖优势的东西。尤其是精神现象及其相关的大脑过程。我们期望，对感知、思考和其他心理活动的满意解释，将包括了解这些过程以及帮助它们发挥作用的大脑活动如何使有机体受益。这些功能往往是显而易见的。感知使有机体能够成功地与环境互动，而思考使它能够弄清楚在新的或复杂的情况下该做什么和避免什么。各种情绪帮助生物体对特有的有利和危险情况做出适当的反应。更具体的功能感知，思考，和情绪很容易得到，往往只是通过反映我们的.
It is plain that an individual's being conscious and an individual's being conscious of various things are both crucial for successful functioning. But it is far less clear how, if at all, it is also useful for a person's psychological states to occur consciously, as against those states occurring but without being conscious. Restricting attention to cognitive and desiderative states, a number of suggestions are current about how the consciousness of those states may be useful. It has been held that such consciousness enhances processes of rational thought and planning, intentional action, executive function, and the correction of complex reasoning. I examine these and related proposals in the light of various empirical findings and theoretical considerations and conclude that the consciousness of cognitive and desiderative states is unlikely to be useful in these or related ways. This undermines a reliance on evolutionary selection pressures in explaining why such states so often occur consciously in humans. I propose an alternative explanation, on which cognitive and desiderative states come to be conscious as a result of other highly useful psychological developments, some involving language. But on this explanation the consciousness of these states itself adds no significant function to that of those other developments. 1. The Issue about Function It is widely held that we understand something only when we can explain it, and explaining a natural phenomenon typically if not always means locating it in its distinctive causal nexus. When those phenomena are biological, moreover, locating a phenomenon often means specifying what function it has for the relevant organism. And that is usually a matter of isolating something about the phenomenon that tends to benefit organisms of that type or confer on them some adaptive or reproductive advantage. This is especially so with mental phenomena and their associated brain processes. We expect that a satisfactory explanation of perceiving, thinking, and other mental occurrences will involve coming to know how those processes and the brain events that subserve them function to benefit the organism. These functions are often obvious. Perceiving enables organisms to interact successfully with its environment, and thinking enables it to figure out what to do and what to avoid in * novel or complex circumstances. And the various emotions help organisms react appropriately to characteristic beneficial and dangerous situations. More specific functions for perceiving, thinking, and the emotions are easy to come by, often simply by reflecting on our …
反思原因的效果：从可理解的想法中推断态度。
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Wilson,TD;Hodges,SD;LaFleur,SJ
通讯作者：
LaFleur,SJ
思考太多：内省会降低偏好和决策的质量。
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Wilson,TD;Schooler,JW
通讯作者：
Schooler,JW