Social and geographic inequalities in water, sanitation and hygiene access in 21 refugee camps and settlements in Bangladesh, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zimbabwe.
Social and geographic inequalities in water, sanitation and hygiene access in 21 refugee camps and settlements in Bangladesh, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, and Zimbabwe.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3
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发表时间：
2022-02-19
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Kayser G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calderón-Villarreal A;Schweitzer R;Kayser G
许多难民在获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生服务方面面临挑战。然而，关于难民人口获得讲卫生运动，包括获得经期保健服务的文献有限。因此，未得到满足的讲卫生需求可能被隐藏起来，从而加大了本已脆弱的难民人口的发病率和死亡率风险。因此，这项研究的目的是定量分析难民营中使用讲卫生服务的情况，重点是有育龄妇女的家庭。这是一项利用标准化WASH知识、态度和实践（KAP）调查的横断面研究。2019年，联合国难民署在孟加拉国、肯尼亚、南苏丹、乌干达和津巴布韦的21个难民营和定居点共完成了5632份家庭调查问卷。在家庭层面分析了WASH的获取情况（14个项目）以及社会和地理分层因素，包括难民营、定居国、是否有育龄妇女、残疾/老年成员以及家庭规模。我们计算了频率、优势比，并进行了双变量和多变量分析来衡量不平等。我们制定了女性WASH获取指数来描述育龄妇女家庭的WASH获取情况。大多数难民家庭获得改善用水的程度很高（95%），获得废物处理设施（64%）和卫生隐私（63%）的程度很低，获得基本卫生设施（30%）和手卫生设施（24%）的程度很低。有育龄妇女的家庭中有76%能够获得经期保健材料。WASH获取指标和女性WASH获取指数显示了社会和地理分层之间的巨大不平等。有残疾人或老人的家庭，以及家庭成员较少的家庭，获得WASH的机会较差。育龄妇女家庭获得基本卫生设施的机会较低。在所有衡量标准中，在难民点之间和国家之间，在获得讲卫生服务的指标方面存在巨大的不平等。我们发现，在我们研究的大多数难民营和安置点，人们都能获得高水平的改善水。各难民点可改善获得基本卫生和环境卫生、环境卫生隐私、废物处理和月经保健材料的情况。有育龄妇女、4人以上成员以及没有残疾/老年成员的家庭与较高的WASH获取率相关。在此试点的女性获得WASH指数可以成为一个有用的工具，快速总结育龄妇女家庭获得WASH的情况。在线版本包含补充材料，可在10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3获得。大多数营地都改善了卫生条件，尽管通常是共用的，而且隐私性差。大多数家庭都有肥皂，但很少有专门的手部卫生设施。育龄妇女家庭获得基本卫生设施的机会较低。女性WASH使用指数总结并比较了各营地女性的使用情况。有残疾人或老人的家庭，以及家庭成员较少的家庭，获得WASH的机会较差。在线版本包含补充材料，可在10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3获得。
Many refugees face challenges accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. However, there is limited literature on WASH access for refugee populations, including for menstrual health services. Unmet WASH access needs may therefore be hidden, amplifying morbidity and mortality risks for already vulnerable refugee populations. The aim of this study was therefore to quantitatively analyze WASH access among refugee camps, with a focus on households with women of reproductive age. This was a cross-sectional study that utilized the Standardized WASH Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey. A total of 5632 household questionnaires were completed by the United Nations Refugee Agency in 2019 in 21 refugee camps and settlements in Bangladesh, Kenya, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. WASH access (14 items) and social and geographic stratifiers were analyzed at the household-level including the refugee camp, country of the settlement, having women of reproductive age, members with disability/elderly status, and household size. We calculated frequencies, odds ratios, and performed bivariate and multivariate analyses to measure inequalities. We developed a Female WASH Access Index to characterize WASH access for households with women of reproductive age. Most refugee households had high levels of access to improved water (95%), low levels of access to waste disposal facility (64%) and sanitation privacy (63%), and very low access to basic sanitation (30%) and hand hygiene facility (24%). 76% of households with women of reproductive age had access to menstrual health materials. WASH access indicators and the Female WASH Access Index showed large inequalities across social and geographic stratifiers. Households with disabled or elderly members, and fewer members had poorer WASH access. Households with women of reproductive age had lower access to basic sanitation. Large inequalities in WASH access indicators were identified between refugee sites and across countries, in all metrics. We found high levels of access to improved water across most of the refugee camps and settlements studied. Access to basic hygiene and sanitation, sanitation privacy, waste disposal, and menstrual health materials, could be improved across refugee sites. Households with women of reproductive age, with 4+ members, and without members with disability/elderly status were associated with higher WASH access. The female WASH access index piloted here could be a useful tool to quickly summarize WASH access in households with women of reproductive age. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3. Most camps have improved sanitation, albeit often shared and with poor privacy. Most households had access to soap, but few had dedicated hand hygiene facilities. Households with women of reproductive age had lower access to basic sanitation. The Female WASH Access Index summarizes and compares female access across camps. Households with disabled or elderly members, and fewer members had poorer WASH access. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-022-01626-3.
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影响因子：
--
作者：
Kaur R;Kaur K;Kaur R
通讯作者：
Kaur R
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Cronin, Aidan A.;Shrestha, Dinesh;Hering, Heiko
通讯作者：
Hering, Heiko
影响因子：
8.1
作者：
Caruso BA;Clasen TF;Hadley C;Yount KM;Haardörfer R;Rout M;Dasmohapatra M;Cooper HL
通讯作者：
Cooper HL
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Banks, Lena Morgon;White, Sian;Kuper, Hannah
通讯作者：
Kuper, Hannah
DOI：
10.1186/1476-069x-10-38
发表时间：
2011-05-14
期刊：
Environmental health : a global access science source
影响因子：
--
作者：
Atuyambe LM;Ediau M;Orach CG;Musenero M;Bazeyo W
通讯作者：
Bazeyo W