The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling.
The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2016.01934
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Pessione E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mazzoli R;Pessione E
肠道微生物群为宿主提供多种功能（例如，通过促进食物消化、补充维生素和防御致病菌株），并通过直接接触（例如，通过表面抗原）和微生物代谢产生的可溶性分子与宿主生物相互作用。胃肠道和中枢神经系统（CNS）之间双向通信的所谓肠脑轴的存在也支持肠道微生物群与宿主神经回路（包括CNS）之间的通信途径。越来越多的证据表明，肠道微生物群能够调节肠道和大脑功能，包括人类的情绪、认知功能和行为。然而，鉴于这种通信网络的极端复杂性，对它的理解仍处于早期阶段。目前的贡献将试图提供一种最新的描述机制，肠道微生物群可以影响肠-脑轴和多种细胞和分子通信电路（即神经，免疫和体液）。在这种情况下，将特别关注产生生物活性化合物和显示已确定或潜在的益生菌活性的微生物菌株。一些神经活性分子（如儿茶酚胺、组胺、血清素和微量胺）将被考虑，特别关注Glu和GABA回路、受体和信号。从基础科学的观点来看，“微生物内分泌学”研究的是由多细胞生物和原核生物（如血清素、GABA、谷氨酸）产生的神经化学物质被认为是一种共同的语言，能够实现生物间的交流。就其应用而言，该领域的研究为未来使用神经活性分子生产益生菌作为治疗神经胃肠道和/或精神疾病的治疗剂开辟了道路。
Gut microbiota provides the host with multiple functions (e.g., by contributing to food digestion, vitamin supplementation, and defense against pathogenic strains) and interacts with the host organism through both direct contact (e.g., through surface antigens) and soluble molecules, which are produced by the microbial metabolism. The existence of the so-called gut–brain axis of bi-directional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) also supports a communication pathway between the gut microbiota and neural circuits of the host, including the CNS. An increasing body of evidence has shown that gut microbiota is able to modulate gut and brain functions, including the mood, cognitive functions, and behavior of humans. Nonetheless, given the extreme complexity of this communication network, its comprehension is still at its early stage. The present contribution will attempt to provide a state-of-the art description of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota can affect the gut–brain axis and the multiple cellular and molecular communication circuits (i.e., neural, immune, and humoral). In this context, special attention will be paid to the microbial strains that produce bioactive compounds and display ascertained or potential probiotic activity. Several neuroactive molecules (e.g., catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, and trace amines) will be considered, with special focus on Glu and GABA circuits, receptors, and signaling. From the basic science viewpoint, “microbial endocrinology” deals with those theories in which neurochemicals, produced by both multicellular organisms and prokaryotes (e.g., serotonin, GABA, glutamate), are considered as a common shared language that enables interkingdom communication. With regards to its application, research in this area opens the way toward the possibility of the future use of neuroactive molecule-producing probiotics as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurogastroenteric and/or psychiatric disorders.
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