How to Contribute to the Progress of Neuroendocrinology: Discovery of GnIH and Progress of GnIH Research.
How to Contribute to the Progress of Neuroendocrinology: Discovery of GnIH and Progress of GnIH Research.
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DOI：
10.3389/fendo.2018.00662
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Ubuka T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tsutsui K;Ubuka T
发现新的调节垂体、脑和外周分泌腺功能的神经肽对神经内分泌学的发展至关重要。促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）是一种刺激下丘脑促性腺激素释放的神经肽，在20世纪70年代初由Schally和Guillemin的小组分离并确定了其结构。后来证明GnRH在脊椎动物中是高度保守的。基于随后三十年对GnRH的广泛研究，GnRH被认为是唯一调节脊椎动物促性腺激素释放的下丘脑神经肽。然而，在2000年，Tsutsui的小组分离并确定了一种新的下丘脑神经肽的结构，该神经肽抑制鸟类鹌鹑的促性腺激素释放，并将其命名为促性腺激素抑制激素（GnIH）。Tsutsui的研究小组随后的研究表明，GnIH在从人类到无颌动物的脊椎动物中高度保守，并作为抑制生殖的关键神经肽。对GnIH的深入研究表明，在鸟类和哺乳动物中，GnIH通过GPR 147作用于促性腺激素和GnRH神经元来抑制促性腺激素的合成和释放。鱼类GnIH也根据其生殖条件调节促性腺激素的释放，表明GnIH在脊椎动物下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴调节中的保守作用。因此，我们现在可以说GnRH不是唯一控制脊椎动物生殖的下丘脑神经肽。此外，Tsutsui小组最近的研究表明，GnIH在大脑中起作用，以调节行为，包括生殖行为。18年的GnIH研究与世界领先的实验室大大提高了我们的生殖生理和行为的神经内分泌控制机制，以及HPG，下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺和下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的相互作用的知识。本文综述了GnIH的发现和研究进展，在这个新的研究时代的生殖神经内分泌。
It is essential to discover novel neuropeptides that regulate the functions of pituitary, brain and peripheral secretory glands for the progress of neuroendocrinology. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic neuropeptide stimulating gonadotropin release was isolated and its structure was determined by Schally's and Guillemin's groups at the beginning of the 1970s. It was subsequently shown that GnRH is highly conserved among vertebrates. GnRH was assumed the sole hypothalamic neuropeptide that regulates gonadotropin release in vertebrates based on extensive studies of GnRH over the following three decades. However, in 2000, Tsutsui's group isolated and determined the structure of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, which inhibits gonadotropin release, in quail, an avian species, and named it gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Following studies by Tsutsui's group demonstrated that GnIH is highly conserved among vertebrates, from humans to agnathans, and acts as a key neuropeptide inhibiting reproduction. Intensive research on GnIH demonstrated that GnIH inhibits gonadotropin synthesis and release by acting on gonadotropes and GnRH neurons via GPR147 in birds and mammals. Fish GnIH also regulates gonadotropin release according to its reproductive condition, indicating the conserved role of GnIH in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in vertebrates. Therefore, we can now say that GnRH is not the only hypothalamic neuropeptide controlling vertebrate reproduction. In addition, recent studies by Tsutsui's group demonstrated that GnIH acts in the brain to regulate behaviors, including reproductive behavior. The 18 years of GnIH research with leading laboratories in the world have significantly advanced our knowledge of the neuroendocrine control mechanism of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as interactions of the HPG, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes. This review describes how GnIH was discovered and GnIH research progressed in this new research era of reproductive neuroendocrinology.
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