A NOTE ON THE EXISTENCE OF RATIFIABLE ACTS
A NOTE ON THE EXISTENCE OF RATIFIABLE ACTS
复制标题
关于可批准法案的存在的说明
DOI:
10.1017/s175502031800028x
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
HALPERN, JOSEPH Y.
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
HALPERN, JOSEPH Y.
§ 1. Introduction. Jeffrey (1983) suggested that you should choose an act that would be best for “the person you expect to be when you will have chosen”. He called an act that satisfied this property ratifiable. Whether one should always choose ratifiable actions is a matter of ongoing debate. Skyrms (1990b) argues that there are situations where ratifiable acts are appropriate and other situations where they are not, whereas Harper (1986) seems to suggest that they are always appropriate. Joyce (2012) gives a more recent perspective.Although I personally do not believe that ratifiable acts are always appropriate, I do not enter into this discussion here. Rather, I examine more closely the question of when ratifiable acts exist. As Rabinowicz (1985) shows by example, in arguably natural problems, there can exist several ratifiable acts, a unique ratifiable act, or no ratifiable “pure” acts (ie, ones where there is no randomization). Harper (1986) points out that existence of ratifiable acts will require randomization. This should not be surprising. Ratifiability has always been understood as an equilibrium notion. It is well known that Nash equilibrium does not always exist in pure strategies; to show that a Nash equilibrium always exists, Nash (1951) had to use mixed strategies (where players can randomize over pure strategies). However, as Richter (1984) shows, when there is a cost to randomizing, ratifiable acts may not exist. 1
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DOI:
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发表时间:
1990
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
B. Skyrms
通讯作者:
B. Skyrms
影响因子:
1.6
作者:
Halpern, Joseph Y.;Pass, Rafael
通讯作者:
Pass, Rafael
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1985
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
Wlodek Rabinowicz
通讯作者:
Wlodek Rabinowicz
影响因子:
1.5
作者:
James M. Joyce
通讯作者:
James M. Joyce
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2004
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
Douglas Walker;G. Walker;M. Bannon
通讯作者:
M. Bannon