Sex-gender differences in drug abuse: a shift in the burden of proof?
Sex-gender differences in drug abuse: a shift in the burden of proof?
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药物滥用中的性别差异：举证责任的转变？
DOI：
10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.411
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Cora Lee Wetherington
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cora Lee Wetherington
在 NIDA 支持的药物滥用研究的早期，许多针对女性的研究都与治疗相关，并且是出于对她们怀孕状况的关注而进行的。从那时起，针对女性的药物滥用研究已扩大到所有年龄段的女性，包括婴儿、儿童和青少年，包括人类和动物。这种扩展也延伸到了男女差异的研究。在扩张的最初几年，美国国立卫生研究院的研究部门要求提议研究男女差异的药物滥用研究人员承担沉重的举证责任。此类研究的必要性似乎并不具有表面意义。随着越来越多的文献证明其科学和临床有效性，这种趋势现在已经发生了变化。这种变化通常反映在审查药物滥用补助金申请的研究部分中表达的担忧，即申请人不建议分析性别差异的数据，而事实上文献表明会观察到这种差异。尽管这种变化很缓慢，但它表明举证责任正在从必须捍卫为什么应该研究性别差异转向必须捍卫为什么不应该研究性别差异。
In the early years of NIDA-supported drug abuse research, much of the research on women was treatment related and conducted out of concern for their pregnancy status. Since then, drug abuse research on women has expanded to include females of all ages, including infants, children, and adolescents, both human and animal. This expansion has also extended to the study of male-female differences. In the early years of the expansion, National Institutes of Health study sections demanded a heavy burden of proof from drug abuse researchers who proposed to study male-female differences. The need for such research appeared not to have face validity. The tide has now changed with the growing body of literature attesting to its scientific and clinical validity. This change is often reflected in concerns expressed in study sections reviewing drug abuse grant applications that an applicant does not propose to analyze the data for sex-gender differences when in fact the literature suggests that such differences would be observed. Although the change has been slow, it suggests that the burden of proof is shifting from having to defend why sex-gender differences should be studied to having to defend why they should not.
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视觉和嗅觉香烟烟雾刺激的主观和强化效应的性别差异。
DOI：
10.1080/14622200110043059
发表时间：
2001
期刊：
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Perkins,KA;Gerlach,D;Vender,J;Grobe,J;Meeker,J;Hutchison,S
通讯作者：
Hutchison,S
DOI：
10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.949141312.x
发表时间：
1999
期刊：
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
VanEtten,ML;Neumark,YD;Anthony,JC
通讯作者：
Anthony,JC
影响因子：
7
作者：
Yang, Xia;Schadt, Eric E.;Lusis, Aldons J.
通讯作者：
Lusis, Aldons J.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Lynch, WJ
通讯作者：
Lynch, WJ