Groups and Individuals: Optical Flow Patterns of Broiler Chicken Flocks Are Correlated with the Behavior of Individual Birds.
Groups and Individuals: Optical Flow Patterns of Broiler Chicken Flocks Are Correlated with the Behavior of Individual Birds.
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DOI：
10.3390/ani11020568
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发表时间：
2021-02-22
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dawkins MS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gebhardt-Henrich SG;Stratmann A;Dawkins MS
农场技术可能带来改善动物福利和生产力以及减少疾病、废物和环境影响的好处。然而，它也引起了公众对个体动物福利的关注，特别是当应用于肉鸡等大型群体时。我们在这里解决这个问题，表明相机技术既可以提供终身连续监测整个羊群的福利，也提供了有关组成羊群的个人的重要信息。这些摄像机可以检测个体之间的差异，对鸟类的异常移动很敏感。通过单独测试鸟类样本，我们发现，平均而言，移动缓慢的鸟类来自整体移动缓慢的鸟群，个体之间的差异很大，而平均而言，移动快速的鸟类来自移动更均匀的更活跃的鸟群。如果使用得当，相机技术可以在整个生命周期中持续监测鸟群的福利，并与单个鸟类的行为相关。群体水平的福利措施一直受到批评的理由是，他们只给平均措施，忽视了个别动物的福利。然而，我们在这里表明，由肉鸡群所作的组级光流模式不仅可以用于提供有关群平均值的信息，还可以用于提供有关不同运动类别中个体比例的信息。平均光流提供了关于整个群体的平均运动的信息，而方差、偏度和峰度量化了个体之间的变化。我们相关的羊群光流模式的行为和福利的样本16只鸟每群在两个跑道测试和水（潜伏期说谎）测试。在跑道测试中，在羊群生活的第28天，完成跑道所需的平均时间与光流的偏斜和峰度之间存在正相关性（平均缓慢的个体来自具有高偏斜和峰度的羊群）。在水测试中，鸟类保持站立的平均时间长度与群体光流的平均值和方差之间存在正相关（平均而言，最移动的个体来自具有最高平均值的群体）。因此，群体水平的模式包含了关于群体内不同比例个体活动的有价值的信息。
Technology on farms potentially brings the benefits of improved animal welfare and productivity as well as reduction in disease, waste and environmental impact. However, it also raises public concern about the welfare of individual animals, particularly when applied to large groups such as broiler (meat) chickens. We here address this issue by showing that camera technology can both provide life-long continuous monitoring of the welfare of whole flocks and also give crucial information about the individuals making up the flock. The cameras detect variation between individuals and are sensitive to birds moving abnormally. By testing samples of birds individually, we show that on average slow-moving birds came from flocks that moved slowly overall and showed large variation between individuals whereas on average fast-moving birds came from more active flocks that moved more uniformly. Properly used, camera technology can thus monitor the welfare of flocks continuously throughout their lives and is correlated with the behavior of individual birds. Group level measures of welfare flocks have been criticized on the grounds that they give only average measures and overlook the welfare of individual animals. However, we here show that the group-level optical flow patterns made by broiler flocks can be used to deliver information not just about the flock averages but also about the proportion of individuals in different movement categories. Mean optical flow provides information about the average movement of the whole flock while the variance, skew and kurtosis quantify the variation between individuals. We correlated flock optical flow patterns with the behavior and welfare of a sample of 16 birds per flock in two runway tests and a water (latency-to-lie) test. In the runway tests, there was a positive correlation between the average time taken to complete the runway and the skew and kurtosis of optical flow on day 28 of flock life (on average slow individuals came from flocks with a high skew and kurtosis). In the water test, there was a positive correlation between the average length of time the birds remained standing and the mean and variance of flock optical flow (on average, the most mobile individuals came from flocks with the highest mean). Patterns at the flock level thus contain valuable information about the activity of different proportions of the individuals within a flock.
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