Lead exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: implications for prevention.
Lead exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: implications for prevention.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1289/ehp.11241
复制
发表时间：
2008-10
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Sinks T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Levin R;Brown MJ;Kashtock ME;Jacobs DE;Whelan EA;Rodman J;Schock MR;Padilla A;Sinks T
我们回顾了美国儿童环境中的铅来源、对儿童血铅水平的影响、来源消除和控制工作以及现有的联邦当局。我们的背景是到 2010 年消除儿童血铅水平升高 (EBL) 的美国公共卫生目标。过去半个世纪的国家、州和地方暴露评估已经确定了美国儿童 EBL 的风险因素，包括年龄、种族、收入、年龄和住房地点、父母职业和季节。最近的国家政策大大减少了美国儿童的铅接触量，但即使接触水平非常低也会损害儿童后期的智力发展和终生成就。尚未证明这些影响的阈值。尽管含铅油漆和灰尘可能仍然占美国儿童 EBL 的 70%，但美国疾病控制与预防中心估计，目前 ≥30% 的 EBL 没有直接的含铅油漆来源，并且大量研究表明铅暴露是由多种来源造成的。 EBL 甚至死亡都与控制不当的来源有关，包括民族药物和商品、消费品以及陶瓷等食品相关物品。公共饮用水和老城区中心的铅仍然是许多地区的暴露源。实现 2010 年目标需要继续当前的努力，特别是解决含铅油漆问题的计划，同时制定干预措施，防止儿童中毒。它还需要各级政府积极合作，识别和控制所有潜在的铅暴露源，并进行一级预防。
We reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs) by 2010. National, state, and local exposure assessments over the past half century have identified risk factors for EBLs among U.S. children, including age, race, income, age and location of housing, parental occupation, and season. Recent national policies have greatly reduced lead exposure among U.S. children, but even very low exposure levels compromise children’s later intellectual development and lifetime achievement. No threshold for these effects has been demonstrated. Although lead paint and dust may still account for up to 70% of EBLs in U.S. children, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that ≥30% of current EBLs do not have an immediate lead paint source, and numerous studies indicate that lead exposures result from multiple sources. EBLs and even deaths have been associated with inadequately controlled sources including ethnic remedies and goods, consumer products, and food-related items such as ceramics. Lead in public drinking water and in older urban centers remain exposure sources in many areas. Achieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
8
作者：
Bernard, SM;McGeehin, MA
通讯作者：
McGeehin, MA
DOI：
10.1081/clt-120037429
发表时间：
2004-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bryant, SD
通讯作者：
Bryant, SD
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
BRODY, DJ;PIRKLE, JL;PASCHAL, DC
通讯作者：
PASCHAL, DC
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
BAER, RD;ACKERMAN, A
通讯作者：
ACKERMAN, A
DOI：
10.1080/10473220301452
发表时间：
2003-07-01
期刊：
Applied occupational and environmental hygiene
影响因子：
--
作者：
Abdul-Razzaq, Wathiq N;Lee, Unchul;Ducatman, Alan M
通讯作者：
Ducatman, Alan M