Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut.

Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut.
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DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2017.01630
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
7.3
通讯作者:
Aminov R
Aminov R
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lerner A;Matthias T;Aminov R

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人体的许多基本功能都依赖于共生微生物群,这种微生物群在肠道中的数量和多样性特别高。这种复杂的宿主-微生物关系是两者长期共同进化的结果。虽然宿主进化中突变变化的遗传几乎完全是垂直的,但细菌进化的主要机制是水平基因交换。肠道环境具有温度稳定、食物供应连续、理化条件恒定、微生物细胞和微生物的浓度极高、食物颗粒和宿主组织表面有大量接合机会等特点,是进行水平基因交换的最有利生态位之一。因此,肠道微生物系统在遗传上是非常动态的,并且能够在遗传水平上对例如抗生素的选择做出快速反应。还有许多其他因素可以动态地响应微生物群,包括生活方式,治疗,饮食,精制食品,食品添加剂,益生菌和益生菌的消费等。然而,人们对不断变化的选择压力对肠道微生物群的影响知之甚少。据推测,肠道微生物组通过肠道种群的遗传重组来响应这些变化,主要通过水平基因交换驱动。因此,我们的主要目标是揭示水平基因交换在胃肠道微生物组变化中所起的作用,以及这些变化对人类健康的潜在影响,特别是自身免疫性疾病。
Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host–microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange. The gut conditions, with stable temperature, continuous food supply, constant physicochemical conditions, extremely high concentration of microbial cells and phages, and plenty of opportunities for conjugation on the surfaces of food particles and host tissues, represent one of the most favorable ecological niches for horizontal gene exchange. Thus, the gut microbial system genetically is very dynamic and capable of rapid response, at the genetic level, to selection, for example, by antibiotics. There are many other factors to which the microbiota may dynamically respond including lifestyle, therapy, diet, refined food, food additives, consumption of pre- and probiotics, and many others. The impact of the changing selective pressures on gut microbiota, however, is poorly understood. Presumably, the gut microbiome responds to these changes by genetic restructuring of gut populations, driven mainly via horizontal gene exchange. Thus, our main goal is to reveal the role played by horizontal gene exchange in the changing landscape of the gastrointestinal microbiome and potential effect of these changes on human health in general and autoimmune diseases in particular.
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