Variability in proactive and reactive cognitive control processes across the adult lifespan.
Variability in proactive and reactive cognitive control processes across the adult lifespan.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00318
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Michie PT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Karayanidis F;Whitson LR;Heathcote A;Michie PT
任务切换范式产生高度一致的年龄相关的混合成本增加[混合任务重复试验的反应时间比单任务块长]，但年龄对切换成本的影响不太一致（切换时的反应时间比混合任务块重复试验的反应时间长）。我们使用两种方法来研究导致混合成本和转换成本的控制过程的成人寿命轨迹：从选择的证据积累模型中获得的潜在变量，以及在时间上区分主动（线索驱动）和反应（目标驱动）控制过程的事件相关电位（ERP）。在高度练习和准备的任务条件下，老化增加了RT混合成本，降低了RT切换成本。这两种结果在很大程度上是由于相同的原因：混合重复试验的年龄效应。在潜在变量方面，年龄增加与非决策过程变慢、目标证据积累速度变慢和反应标准升高相关。年龄对混合成本的影响仅在反应标准，即触发决策所需的证据数量上是明显的，而年龄对转换成本的影响在所有三个潜在变量中都存在。erp显示混合重复试验准备、预期注意和靶后干扰的年龄相关增加。与主动控制相关的线索锁定erp与反应标准年龄差异的早期出现有关。这些结果与年龄对战略过程控制决策谨慎的影响是一致的。与年龄相关的认知灵活性下降一致，年轻人在混合任务块的试验中灵活地调整反应标准，而老年人在所有试验中都保持较高的标准。
Task-switching paradigms produce a highly consistent age-related increase in mixing cost [longer response time (RT) on repeat trials in mixed-task than single-task blocks] but a less consistent age effect on switch cost (longer RT on switch than repeat trials in mixed-task blocks). We use two approaches to examine the adult lifespan trajectory of control processes contributing to mixing cost and switch cost: latent variables derived from an evidence accumulation model of choice, and event-related potentials (ERP) that temporally differentiate proactive (cue-driven) and reactive (target-driven) control processes. Under highly practiced and prepared task conditions, aging was associated with increasing RT mixing cost but reducing RT switch cost. Both effects were largely due to the same cause: an age effect for mixed-repeat trials. In terms of latent variables, increasing age was associated with slower non-decision processes, slower rate of evidence accumulation about the target, and higher response criterion. Age effects on mixing costs were evident only on response criterion, the amount of evidence required to trigger a decision, whereas age effects on switch cost were present for all three latent variables. ERPs showed age-related increases in preparation for mixed-repeat trials, anticipatory attention, and post-target interference. Cue-locked ERPs that are linked to proactive control were associated with early emergence of age differences in response criterion. These results are consistent with age effects on strategic processes controlling decision caution. Consistent with an age-related decline in cognitive flexibility, younger adults flexibly adjusted response criterion from trial-to-trial on mixed-task blocks, whereas older adults maintained a high criterion for all trials.
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影响因子：
8.2
作者：
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通讯作者：
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