The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity.
The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pmed.1002125
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发表时间：
2016-09
期刊：
影响因子：
15.8
通讯作者：
Gilmore AB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ulucanlar S;Fooks GJ;Gilmore AB
烟草业的干预已被确定为执行减少烟草使用的循证措施的最大障碍。因此，理解和解决行业对公共卫生决策的干预至关重要。现有的概念化的企业政治活动（CPA）是嵌入在一个商业的角度来看，不参加CPA的社会和公共卫生成本;大多数没有利用内部烟草行业文件所代表的独特资源。基于这些文献，包括系统评价，我们开发了一个批判性的烟草业政治活动的概念模型。我们按主题分析了两个系统性综述中的已发表论文，研究烟草业对烟草税收和营销的影响;我们纳入了前一类46篇论文中的45篇和后一类48篇论文中的20篇（n = 65）。我们使用了扎根理论的方法来建立分类的“话语”（基于论据）和“工具”（基于行动）的行业战略，并从这些设计的政策反乌托邦模型，这表明，该行业，通过不同的选区工作，构建了一个元叙事，认为拟议的政策将导致一个功能失调的未来的政策失败和广泛分散的不利的社会和经济后果。与此同时，它使用不同的，环环相扣的内部和外部工具战略，以传播这种说法，并提高其说服力，以确保其首选的政策结果。局限性在于，许多论文都是历史性的（有些可以追溯到20世纪70年代），并侧重于高收入地区。该模型提供了一种基于证据的，可访问的方式来理解不同的企业政治策略。它应该使公共卫生行为者和官员能够抢先采取这些战略，并对该行业的说法进行现实的评估。在这一专题分析中，Selda Ulucanlar及其同事开发了分类法和一个整体模型，以描述烟草业用来影响烟草税收和营销政策的政治策略。众所周知，烟草业干预政府决策是政府未能采取行之有效的措施减少烟草消费的一个重要原因。我们的研究旨在使用深入的经验证据，从批判性的社会视角系统地审查烟草业的政治活动。我们着手建立一个广泛适用的模型，供不同国家的政府用来识别和预防行业对政策的干预。我们分析了65篇论文，包括在以前的系统评价，审查烟草业的政治活动在两个政策领域：税收和烟草产品的营销。使用建构主义扎根理论，我们确定了行业的论点和技术，然后将其归类为更一般的标题下的战略，最后制定了烟草行业的政治活动的分类和模型。根据我们的政策反乌托邦模型，该行业产生了一种危言耸听的叙述，即拟议的政策将失败，并导致大量不良的社会和经济后果（在我们的话语策略分类中概述）。该行业还使用不同的方法（在我们的工具性策略分类中概述）来传播这种说法并说服决策者以阻止政策。公共卫生行为者和政策制定者可以使用我们的模型和分类法来更好地促进烟草相关政策，并使烟草业的反对和政治活动无效。特别是，它们需要注意联盟的形成、信息的提供、跨学科的工作和决策的透明度。
Tobacco industry interference has been identified as the greatest obstacle to the implementation of evidence-based measures to reduce tobacco use. Understanding and addressing industry interference in public health policy-making is therefore crucial. Existing conceptualisations of corporate political activity (CPA) are embedded in a business perspective and do not attend to CPA’s social and public health costs; most have not drawn on the unique resource represented by internal tobacco industry documents. Building on this literature, including systematic reviews, we develop a critically informed conceptual model of tobacco industry political activity. We thematically analysed published papers included in two systematic reviews examining tobacco industry influence on taxation and marketing of tobacco; we included 45 of 46 papers in the former category and 20 of 48 papers in the latter (n = 65). We used a grounded theory approach to build taxonomies of “discursive” (argument-based) and “instrumental” (action-based) industry strategies and from these devised the Policy Dystopia Model, which shows that the industry, working through different constituencies, constructs a metanarrative to argue that proposed policies will lead to a dysfunctional future of policy failure and widely dispersed adverse social and economic consequences. Simultaneously, it uses diverse, interlocking insider and outsider instrumental strategies to disseminate this narrative and enhance its persuasiveness in order to secure its preferred policy outcomes. Limitations are that many papers were historical (some dating back to the 1970s) and focused on high-income regions. The model provides an evidence-based, accessible way of understanding diverse corporate political strategies. It should enable public health actors and officials to preempt these strategies and develop realistic assessments of the industry’s claims. In this thematic analysis, Selda Ulucanlar and colleagues develop taxonomies and an overall model to describe the political strategies used by the tobacco industry to influence policy around tobacco taxation and marketing. Interference by the tobacco industry in government policy-making is known to be an important reason for governments’ failure to adopt proven measures to reduce tobacco consumption. Our study aimed to systematically review tobacco industry political activity from a critical societal perspective using in-depth empirical evidence. We set out to build a widely applicable model that governments in different countries could use to identify and preempt industry interference in policy. We analysed 65 papers included in previous systematic reviews that examined tobacco industry political activity in two policy areas: taxation and marketing of tobacco products. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified industry arguments and techniques and then grouped these under the more general heading of strategies, finally developing a taxonomy and model of tobacco industry political activity. According to our Policy Dystopia Model, the industry produces an alarmist narrative that proposed policies will fail and lead to a great number of undesirable social and economic consequences (outlined in our taxonomy of discursive strategies). The industry also uses different methods (outlined in our taxonomy of instrumental strategies) to disseminate this narrative and persuade decision-makers in order to block policies. Public health actors and policy-makers can use our model and taxonomies to better promote tobacco-related policies and to render ineffective tobacco industry opposition and political activity. In particular, they need to pay attention to alliance formation, information provision, interdisciplinary working, and transparency in policy-making.
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