Rapid transition towards the Division of Labor via evolution of developmental plasticity.
Rapid transition towards the Division of Labor via evolution of developmental plasticity.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000805
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发表时间：
2010-06-10
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Gavrilets S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gavrilets S
在几个主要的进化转变中，关键的一步是正在出现的更高级别进化单位的组成部分之间的分工。例如，在简单的多细胞生物体中分离细菌和胞体，在更复杂的生物体中出现多种细胞类型和器官，以及在真社会昆虫中出现铸型。在下级单位自私自利的情况下，如何实现分工是有争议的。我提出了一个简单的数学模型，描述了劳动分工通过发育可塑性的进化出现，从一群未分化的细胞开始，到完全分化的多细胞生物体结束。我探索了劳动分工的合理性和动态性如何取决于其适应优势、突变率、发育可塑性成本和群体大小。该模型表明，在生命历史上多次发生的向分化多细胞的转变是相对容易实现的。我的方法可以在多个方向上扩展，包括出现多种细胞类型、复杂的器官或社会昆虫的铸型。生物有机体是高度复杂的，由许多不同的部分组成，这些部分的功能是确保整体的生存和繁殖。复杂性是如何以及为什么在进化过程中增加的，这是一个具有重大科学意义和哲学意义的问题。生物学家已经确定了复杂性进化中的一些重大转变，包括染色体的起源、真核生物、性别、多细胞生物体和昆虫的社会群体。在许多这样的转变中，关键的一步是新兴的更高级别进化单位的组成部分之间的分工。在下级单位自私自利的情况下，如何实现分工是有争议的。在这里，我研究分化的细胞群体的出现，其中群体的细胞(生殖细胞)的一部分专门从事繁殖，而群体的另一部分细胞(胞体)专门从事生存。利用一个数学模型，我证明了通过发育可塑性的进化，完全的生殖体分化可以相对容易和快速地实现(有一百万代)。我的方法可以在多个方向上扩展，包括出现多种细胞类型、复杂的器官或社会昆虫的铸型。
A crucial step in several major evolutionary transitions is the division of labor between components of the emerging higher-level evolutionary unit. Examples include the separation of germ and soma in simple multicellular organisms, appearance of multiple cell types and organs in more complex organisms, and emergence of casts in eusocial insects. How the division of labor was achieved in the face of selfishness of lower-level units is controversial. I present a simple mathematical model describing the evolutionary emergence of the division of labor via developmental plasticity starting with a colony of undifferentiated cells and ending with completely differentiated multicellular organisms. I explore how the plausibility and the dynamics of the division of labor depend on its fitness advantage, mutation rate, costs of developmental plasticity, and the colony size. The model shows that the transition to differentiated multicellularity, which has happened many times in the history of life, can be achieved relatively easily. My approach is expandable in a number of directions including the emergence of multiple cell types, complex organs, or casts of eusocial insects. Biological organisms are highly complex and are comprised of many different parts that function to ensure the survival and reproduction of the whole. How and why the complexity has increased in the course of evolution is a question of great scientific and philosophical significance. Biologists have identified a number of major transitions in the evolution of complexity including the origin of chromosomes, eukaryotes, sex, multicellular organisms, and social groups in insects. A crucial step in many of these transitions is the division of labor between components of the emerging higher-level evolutionary unit. How the division of labor was achieved in the face of selfishness of lower-level units is controversial. Here I study the emergence of differentiated cell colonies in which one part of the colony's cells (germ) specializes in reproduction and the other part of the colony's cells (soma) specializes in survival. Using a mathematical model I show that complete germ-soma differentiation can be achieved relatively easily and fast (with a million generations) via the evolution of developmental plasticity. My approach is expandable in a number of directions including the emergence of multiple cell types, complex organs, or casts of eusocial insects.
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