A novel calibration for L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of bone lead concentration using the strontium Kβ/Kαratio.
A novel calibration for L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of bone lead concentration using the strontium Kβ/Kαratio.
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DOI：
10.1088/1361-6579/abf886
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发表时间：
2021-05-14
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Kroeker S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gherase MR;Serna B;Kroeker S
铅是一种众所周知的有毒元素。体内骨铅浓度测量是对血铅浓度测量的补充，血铅浓度测量是最近暴露的度量。20世纪80年代发展了利用铅k壳或l壳x射线荧光（KXRF或LXRF）发射来测量人体胫骨体内铅的方法。KXRF骨铅测量使用Cd-109伽马射线和相干荧光比来解释幻影和体内测量之间的差异，被用于人体研究。骨铅LXRF法采用x射线管。然而，使用超声测量软组织厚度（STT）的校准程序被证明是不准确的。在这项研究中，骨和软组织（ST）模型模拟了体内骨铅测量。七个含有1.01 mg g - 1锶（Sr）的巴黎石膏圆柱形骨模型被以0、8、16、29、44、59和74 μg - 1浓度的铅掺杂。聚甲醛（POM）、树脂和蜡分别用于制造大约1-4毫米厚度范围内的四个ST幻影。铅LXRF测量使用先前开发的最佳掠入射位置方法进行。ST材料的线性衰减系数测量表明，POM和树脂分别模拟了Pb x射线在皮肤和脂肪组织中的衰减。POM和树脂数据表明，对2mm STT骨铅的检出限为20 μg−1。推导出的Pb浓度、Pb LXRF和Sr Kβ/Kα比值数据之间的关系不需要STT知识。将该方法应用于POM和树脂数据，结果无偏。考虑到辐射剂量、STT、骨中铅和锶的可检出性和分布，建议对儿童进行体内骨铅测量。这项研究满足了人们对低水平铅暴露对儿童神经发育的负面影响的关注。
Lead (Pb) is a well-known toxic element. In vivo bone Pb concentration measurement is a long-term exposure metric complementary to blood Pb concentration measurement which is a metric of recent exposure. In vivo human tibia bone Pb measurements using Pb K-shell or L-shell x-ray fluorescence (KXRF or LXRF) emissions were developed in the 1980s. KXRF bone Pb measurements using Cd-109 gamma rays and coherent-to-fluorescence ratio to account for differences between phantom and in vivo measurements, was employed in human studies. Bone Pb LXRF method employed x-ray tubes. However, calibration procedures using ultrasound measurements of the soft tissue thickness (STT) proved inaccurate. In this study, bone and soft tissue (ST) phantoms simulated in vivo bone Pb measurements. Seven plaster-of-Paris cylindrical bone phantoms containing 1.01 mg g−1 of strontium (Sr) were doped with Pb in 0, 8, 16, 29, 44, 59, and 74 μg g−1 concentrations. Polyoxymethylene (POM), resin, and wax were each used to fabricate four ST phantoms in the approximate 1–4 mm thickness range. Pb LXRF measurements were performed using a previously developed optimal grazing incidence position method. Linear attenuation coefficients measurements of ST materials indicated that POM and resin mimicked well attenuation of Pb x-rays in skin and adipose tissue, respectively. POM and resin data indicated a bone Pb detection limit of 20 μg g−1 for a 2 mm STT. Derived relationships between the Pb concentration, Pb LXRF and Sr Kβ/Kα ratio data did not require STT knowledge. Applied to POM and resin data, the new calibration method yielded unbiased results. In vivo bone Pb measurements in children were suggested following considerations of radiation dose, STT, detectability and distribution of Pb and Sr in bone. This research meets with the concerns regarding the negative effects of low levels of Pb exposure on neurodevelopment of children.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Barbosa F Jr;Tanus-Santos JE;Gerlach RF;Parsons PJ
通讯作者：
Parsons PJ
DOI：
10.2307/2987937
发表时间：
1983-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES D-THE STATISTICIAN
影响因子：
--
作者：
ALTMAN, DG;BLAND, JM
通讯作者：
BLAND, JM
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Bellis, David J.;Li, Danhong;Parsons, Patrick J.
通讯作者：
Parsons, Patrick J.
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Da Silva, Eric;Kirkham, Brian;Pejovic-Milic, Ana
通讯作者：
Pejovic-Milic, Ana
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Ericson, Bret;Landrigan, Phillip;Fuller, Richard
通讯作者：
Fuller, Richard