Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe.
Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe.
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DOI：
10.1038/nature14317
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发表时间：
2015-06-11
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Reich, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Haak, Wolfgang;Lazaridis, Iosif;Patterson, Nick;Rohland, Nadin;Mallick, Swapan;Llamas, Bastien;Brandt, Guido;Nordenfelt, Susanne;Harney, Eadaoin;Stewardson, Kristin;Fu, Qiaomei;Mittnik, Alissa;Banffy, Eszter;Economou, Christos;Francken, Michael;Friederich, Susanne;Pena, Rafael Garrido;Hallgren, Fredrik;Khartanovich, Valery;Khokhlov, Aleksandr;Kunst, Michael;Kuznetsov, Pavel;Meller, Harald;Mochalov, Oleg;Moiseyev, Vayacheslav;Nicklisch, Nicole;Pichler, Sandra L.;Risch, Roberto;Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.;Roth, Christina;Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna;Wahl, Joachim;Meyer, Matthias;Krause, Johannes;Brown, Dorcas;Anthony, David;Cooper, Alan;Alt, Kurt Werner;Reich, David
我们通过丰富古代 DNA 文库以获取近 400,000 个多态性目标集，生成了生活在 8,000 至 3,000 年前的 69 名欧洲人的全基因组数据。这些位置的富集将全基因组古代 DNA 分析所需的测序量减少了中位数约 250 倍，使我们能够比以前的研究多研究一个数量级的个体，并获得关于过去的新见解。我们发现西欧和远东欧的人口在 8,000 至 5,000 年前遵循相反的轨迹。在欧洲新石器时代初期，即8000-7000年前，德国、匈牙利和西班牙出现了与当地狩猎采集者密切相关的早期农民群体，而俄罗斯则居住着一群与24000年前的西伯利亚人有着密切关系的独特狩猎采集者群体。到了 6,000-5,000 年前，欧洲大部分地区的农民比他们的祖先拥有更多的狩猎采集血统，但在俄罗斯，此时的颜那亚草原牧民不仅是之前东欧狩猎采集者的后裔，而且也是近东血统的后裔。西欧和东欧在 4,500 年前就开始接触，来自德国的新石器时代晚期绳纹器人将其 75% 的祖先追溯到颜那雅人，记录了从欧洲东部边缘向欧洲中心地带的大规模迁徙。这种草原血统在所有中欧人样本中一直存在，直到至少 3000 年前，并且在当今的欧洲人中也普遍存在。这些结果为至少一些欧洲印欧语系的草原起源提供了支持。
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000–3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000–5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, 8,000–7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a 24,000-year-old Siberian. By 6,000–5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact 4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced 75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least 3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Lazaridis, Iosif;Patterson, Nick;Mittnik, Alissa;Renaud, Gabriel;Mallick, Swapan;Kirsanow, Karola;Sudmant, Peter H.;Schraiber, Joshua G.;Castellano, Sergi;Lipson, Mark;Berger, Bonnie;Economou, Christos;Bollongino, Ruth;Fu, Qiaomei;Bos, Kirsten I.;Nordenfelt, Susanne;Li, Heng;de Filippo, Cesare;Pruefer, Kay;Sawyer, Susanna;Posth, Cosimo;Haak, Wolfgang;Hallgren, Fredrik;Fornander, Elin;Rohland, Nadin;Delsate, Dominique;Francken, Michael;Guinet, Jean-Michel;Wahl, Joachim;Ayodo, George;Babiker, Hamza A.;Bailliet, Graciela;Balanovska, Elena;Balanovsky, Oleg;Barrantes, Ramiro;Bedoya, Gabriel;Ben-Ami, Haim;Bene, Judit;Berrada, Fouad;Bravi, Claudio M.;Brisighelli, Francesca;Busby, George B. J.;Cali, Francesco;Churnosov, Mikhail;Cole, David E. C.;Corach, Daniel;Damba, Larissa;van Driem, George;Dryomov, Stanislav;Dugoujon, Jean-Michel;Fedorova, Sardana A.;Romero, Irene Gallego;Gubina, Marina;Hammer, Michael;Henn, Brenna M.;Hervig, Tor;Hodoglugil, Ugur;Jha, Aashish R.;Karachanak-Yankova, Sena;Khusainova, Rita;Khusnutdinova, Elza;Kittles, Rick;Kivisild, Toomas;Klitz, William;Kucinskas, Vaidutis;Kushniarevich, Alena;Laredj, Leila;Litvinov, Sergey;Loukidis, Theologos;Mahley, Robert W.;Melegh, Bela;Metspalu, Ene;Molina, Julio;Mountain, Joanna;Nakkalajarvi, Klemetti;Nesheva, Desislava;Nyambo, Thomas;Osipova, Ludmila;Parik, Jueri;Platonov, Fedor;Posukh, Olga;Romano, Valentino;Rothhammer, Francisco;Rudan, Igor;Ruizbakiev, Ruslan;Sahakyan, Hovhannes;Sajantila, Antti;Salas, Antonio;Starikovskaya, Elena B.;Tarekegn, Ayele;Toncheva, Draga;Turdikulova, Shahlo;Uktveryte, Ingrida;Utevska, Olga;Vasquez, Rene;Villena, Mercedes;Voevoda, Mikhail;Winkler, Cheryl A.;Yepiskoposyan, Levon;Zalloua, Pierre;Zemunik, Tatijana;Cooper, Alan;Capelli, Cristian;Thomas, Mark G.;Ruiz-Linares, Andres;Tishkoff, Sarah A.;Singh, Lalji;Thangaraj, Kumarasamy;Villems, Richard;Comas, David;Sukernik, Rem;Metspalu, Mait;Meyer, Matthias;Eichler, Evan E.;Burger, Joachim;Slatkin, Montgomery;Paeaebo, Svante;Kelso, Janet;Reich, David;Krause, Johannes
通讯作者：
Krause, Johannes
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Der Sarkissian C;Balanovsky O;Brandt G;Khartanovich V;Buzhilova A;Koshel S;Zaporozhchenko V;Gronenborn D;Moiseyev V;Kolpakov E;Shumkin V;Alt KW;Balanovska E;Cooper A;Haak W;Genographic Consortium
通讯作者：
Genographic Consortium
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Lipson M;Loh PR;Levin A;Reich D;Patterson N;Berger B
通讯作者：
Berger B
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Myres, Natalie M.;Rootsi, Siiri;Underhill, Peter A.
通讯作者：
Underhill, Peter A.
影响因子：
14.9
作者：
Briggs AW;Stenzel U;Meyer M;Krause J;Kircher M;Pääbo S
通讯作者：
Pääbo S