Introduction: environmental disaster in Mongolian modern history

Introduction: environmental disaster in Mongolian modern history
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简介:蒙古近代史上的环境灾难

DOI:
10.1080/24761028.2021.2015837
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Takakura Hiroki
Takakura Hiroki
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ozaki Takahiro;Takakura Hiroki

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本文提供了一个深入了解的框架,重新审视蒙古近代史。“环境灾难”一词意味着人类与环境相互作用的社会过程,强调人类行动的失败。蒙古族牧区社会易受各种灾害的影响,其中尤以雪灾最为严重,牲畜损失严重。一场严重的灾害可能是启动社会变革的一个线索,而社会变革出现在复原阶段,因为灾害可能被认为是社会不稳定的结果。虽然有两个牲畜,但在集体化时期(1959年至1992年),牲畜总数相对稳定。在社会主义政权崩溃和经济上对苏联的依赖结束后,该国的牲畜总数一直增加到1999年。然而,在全国性的暴风雪期间(1999-2002年),这一数字急剧下降,并持续了三年。这场史无前例的战争也带来了畜牧业的变化。如今,即使是生活在牧场上的人们也依赖与全球化有关的进口商品。外蒙古的农村景观分为两类:郊区,包括城市周围和主要道路附近的地区;以及偏远地区,包括没有最新社会经济服务的典型蒙古农村地区。这种区别使情况变得复杂,特别是当蒙古人民遇到灾害问题时。
This paper provides an insight into the framework employed to revisit Mongolian modern history. The term “environmental disaster” signifies the social process of entanglement in human-environmental interactions, emphasizing the failure of human actions. The Mongolian pastoral society is vulnerable to various kinds of disasters, among which the most problematic isdzud(cold and snow disaster), resulting in heavy damage to livestock. A severe disaster can be a cue to initiate social change, which emerges at the phase of resilience, as disasters may be recognized as a result of social instability. Although there were two severedzud, the total number of livestock was relatively stable during the collectivization era (1959–1992). After the collapse of the socialist regime and the end of economic dependency on the USSR, the nation’s total number of livestock increased until 1999. However, it saw a sharp decrease during the nationwidedzud (in 1999–2002), which continued for three years. This unprecedenteddzudalso brought about a change in pastoralism. Nowadays, even the people in pastoral lands depend on imported commodities associated with globalization. The rural landscape in Outer Mongolia has changed into two types: suburban areas, including areas around cities and near major roads; and remote areas, including typical Mongolian rural areas that do not have up-to-date socio-economic services. This distinction makes it a complex situation, especially when the questions of disasters arise for the Mongolian people.
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