Embracing nature's complexity: Immunoparasitology in the wild.
Embracing nature's complexity: Immunoparasitology in the wild.
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拥抱自然的复杂性：野外免疫寄生虫学。
DOI：
10.1016/j.smim.2021.101525
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
7.8
通讯作者：
Else KJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mair I;McNeilly TN;Corripio-Miyar Y;Forman R;Else KJ
生态免疫学允许在遗传和环境变异的背景下研究寄生虫免疫。对野生种群的研究强调了多个变量之间的相互作用。免疫学工具的缺乏阻碍了非模式物种的进展。野生动物研究结合了对宿主免疫的洞察和种群水平的影响。我们提出了一个在实验室和野生系统中测试假设的良性循环。大量研究致力于了解对寄生虫的抵抗力是如何产生的，以及寄生虫驱动的病理是如何受到调控的。这项研究的部分原因是希望更好地治疗人类和牲畜的寄生虫病，部分原因是免疫学家将寄生虫感染作为生物医学工具来激发生理免疫反应。目前的许多机制知识都是在使用模型生物进行的实验室研究中发现的，特别是在实验室小鼠身上。然而，野生动物也是一系列寄生虫的宿主。通过对这些非实验室系统中宿主-寄生虫相互作用的研究，我们可以在更自然、更复杂的环境中对寄生虫免疫学有更深入的了解。以寄生虫为重点，我们在这里探索通过(对于免疫学家来说)非常规实验系统对寄生虫诱导的免疫反应的洞察，以及当前实验室研究的核心发现如何在这些更自然的条件下反映出来。正如许多实验室研究表明的那样，免疫反应的质量无疑是易感性与耐药性的核心因素。然而，在野外，寄生虫感染往往是慢性病。在阅读我们的综述时，我们鼓励读者考虑以下问题，这些问题只能通过研究野生自然发生的寄生虫来回答：a)针对野生不同宿主中的寄生虫，有什么类型的免疫反应，以及它们在个体内部、同一物种的个体之间和物种之间是如何随着时间的推移而变化的？B)我们能否使用野生或半野生研究系统来了解对寄生虫耐受性与抗药性的进化驱动因素？C)是什么决定了宿主应对感染的能力，与所安装的免疫反应的类型是否有联系？D)我们能否通过调节环境因素来操纵野生动物对寄生虫感染的免疫反应，对人类、野生动物和牲畜具有翻译潜力？和e)在这一特殊问题的背景下，我们可以从研究动物的自然环境中获得关于2型免疫的哪些经验教训？此外，我们的目标是将在半野生和野生环境中获得的一些知识与从基于实验室的传统研究中获得的知识相结合，并提高人们对将多种自然发生的变量整合到免疫寄生虫学研究中所带来的机遇(和挑战)的认识。
Ecoimmunology allows the study of parasite immunity in the context of genetic and environmental variation. Studies in wild populations highlight the interactions between multiple variables. Poor availability of immunological tools has hampered progress in non-model species. Wild animal studies combine insights into host immunity and effects at population level. We propose a virtuous cycle of testing hypotheses in both lab and wild systems. A wealth of research is dedicated to understanding how resistance against parasites is conferred and how parasite-driven pathology is regulated. This research is in part driven by the hope to better treatments for parasitic diseases of humans and livestock, and in part by immunologists who use parasitic infections as biomedical tools to evoke physiological immune responses. Much of the current mechanistic knowledge has been discovered in laboratory studies using model organisms, especially the laboratory mouse. However, wildlife are also hosts to a range of parasites. Through the study of host-parasite interactions in these non-laboratory systems we can gain a deeper understanding of parasite immunology in a more natural, complex environment. With a focus on helminth parasites, we here explore the insights gained into parasite-induced immune responses through (for immunologists) non-conventional experimental systems, and how current core findings from laboratory studies are reflected in these more natural conditions. The quality of the immune response is undoubtedly a central player in susceptibility versus resistance, as many laboratory studies have shown. Yet, in the wild, parasite infections tend to be chronic diseases. Whilst reading our review, we encourage the reader to consider the following questions which may (only) be answered by studying naturally occurring parasites in the wild: a) what type of immune responses are mounted against parasites in different hosts in the wild, and how do they vary within an individual over time, between individuals of the same species and between species? b) can we use wild or semi-wild study systems to understand the evolutionary drivers for tolerance versus resistance towards a parasite? c) what determines the ability of the host to cope with an infection and is there a link with the type of immune response mounted? d) can we modulate environmental factors to manipulate a wild animal’s immune response to parasitic infections, with translation potential for humans, wildlife, and livestock? and e) in context of this special issue, what lessons for Type 2 immunity can we glean from studying animals in their natural environments? Further, we aim to integrate some of the knowledge gained in semi-wild and wild settings with knowledge gained from traditional laboratory-based research, and to raise awareness for the opportunities (and challenges) that come with integrating a multitude of naturally-occurring variables into immunoparasitological research.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Beechler BR;Jolles AE;Budischak SA;Corstjens PLAM;Ezenwa VO;Smith M;Spaan RS;van Dam GJ;Steinauer ML
通讯作者：
Steinauer ML
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
Watson, Reg
影响因子：
5.6
作者：
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通讯作者：
Bolas-Fernandez, Francisco