Dynamic nanoparticle assemblies.
Dynamic nanoparticle assemblies.
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DOI：
10.1021/ar200305f
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发表时间：
2012-11-20
影响因子：
18.3
通讯作者：
Kotov, Nicholas A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Libing;Xu, Liguang;Kuang, Hua;Xu, Chuanlai;Kotov, Nicholas A.
虽然纳米粒子（NP）组装体的发展才刚刚开始，但其独特的几何形状和介质响应的光学，电子和磁性特性引起了人们的极大兴趣。纳米级组装桥接了多种尺寸的材料：单个纳米颗粒、离散的分子状或病毒状纳米级团聚体、微米级器件和宏观级材料。自我组装的能力可以大大促进纳米技术与其他技术的结合，特别是与微尺度制造的结合。在这个帐户中，我们描述了动态NP组件，这是自发形成的超结构包含两个以上的无机纳米粒子，显示能力，以改变其几何，物理，化学和其他属性的新兴领域的发展。在许多方面，动态组装可以代表基于NP的器件的“自下而上”制造中的瓶颈，因为它们可以产生更多种类的组装，但是它们也为纳米颗粒组装的几何形状和尺寸的变化提供了方便的工具。纳米粒子的超结构（以及由相似的内力结合在一起的纳米粒子）分为两类：第一类，介质和外场可以改变稳定超结构的形状、构象和顺序，但数量几乎不变。成功的动态装配的未来发展需要了解动态NP系统中的平衡。1类组装体的动态性质与超结构的不同构象之间的平衡有关，并且与经典化学中的异构化相当。第2类组装涉及NP之间键的形成和/或断裂，这类似于从原子形成分子的经典化学平衡。雅阁该领域的既定惯例，NP组装体的更精细分类可以包括不同的尺寸维度：离散组装体（人工分子），一维（间隔链）和二维（片）和三维（超晶格，扭曲结构）组装体。值得注意的是，这些维度属性必须被视为本质上主要是拓扑的，因为所有这些超结构都可以获得复杂的三维形状。我们讨论了用于制备NP超结构的三种主要策略：（1）基于各向异性的组装，利用NP周围的内力场各向异性或与模板和/或外加场相关的外部各向异性;（2）组装方法，利用均匀的NP与各向同性相互作用;（3）基于生物分子相互识别的方法，如DNA和抗原-抗体相互作用。我们考虑动态超结构的光学，电子和磁性，主要集中在NP超结构中的多粒子效应，以表面等离子体共振，NP-NP电荷传输和多体磁化为代表。NP超结构的独特性质正被应用于生物传感、药物递送和纳米电子学。对于第1类和第2类动态组件，生物传感是动态纳米结构成功过渡到实践的最主要和最发达的领域。我们可以预见，动态NP组件的快速发展，在收集耗散能量，光子学和电子学的应用。审查的最后一部分是专门的NP在未来的动态组件所面临的基本问题。
Although nanoparticle (NP) assemblies are at the beginning of their development, their unique geometrical shapes and media-responsive optical, electronic and magnetic properties have attracted significant interest. Nanoscale assembly bridges multiple sizes of materials: individual nanoparticles, discrete molecule-like or virus-like nanoscale agglomerates, microscale devices, and macroscale materials. The capacity to self-assemble can greatly facilitate the integration of nanotechnology with other technologies and, in particular, with microscale fabrication. In this Account, we describe developments in the emerging field of dynamic NP assemblies, which are spontaneously formed superstructures containing more than two inorganic nanoscale particles that display ability to change their geometrical, physical, chemical, and other attributes. In many ways, dynamic assemblies can represent a bottleneck in the ‘bottom-up’ fabrication of NP-based devices because they can produce a much greater variety of assemblies, but they also provide a convenient tool for variation of geometries and dimensions of nanoparticle assemblies. Superstructures of NPs (and those held together by similar intrinsic forces) are classified into two groups: Class 1 where media and external fields can alter shape, conformation, and order of stable superstructures with a nearly constant number same. The future development of successful dynamic assemblies requires understanding the equilibrium in dynamic NP systems. The dynamic nature of Class 1 assemblies is associated with the equilibrium between different conformations of a superstructure and is comparable to the isomerization in classical chemistry. Class 2 assemblies involve the formation and/or breakage of linkages between the NPs, which is analogous to the classical chemical equilibrium for the formation of a molecule from atoms. Finer classification of NP assemblies in accord with established conventions in the field may include different size dimensionalities: discrete assemblies (artificial molecules), one-dimensional (spaced chains) and two-dimensional (sheets) and three-dimensional (superlattices, twisted structures) assemblies. Notably, these dimensional attributes must be regarded as primarily topological in nature because all of these superstructures can acquire complex three-dimensional shapes. We discuss three primary strategies used to prepare NP superstructures: (1) anisotropy-based assemblies utilizing either intrinsic force field anisotropy around NPs or external anisotropy associated with templates and/or applied fields; (2) assembly methods utilizing uniform NPs with isotropic interactions; and (3) methods based on mutual recognition of biomolecules, such as DNA and antigen-antibody interactions. We consider optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of dynamic superstructures, focusing primarily on multiparticle effects in NP superstructures as represented by surface plasmon resonance, NP-NP charge transport, and multibody magnetization. Unique properties of NP superstructures are being applied to biosensing, drug delivery, and nanoelectronics. For both Class 1 and Class 2 dynamic assemblies, biosensing is the most dominant and well-developed area of dynamic nanostructures being successfully transitioned into practice. We can foresee the rapid development of dynamic NP assemblies toward applications in harvesting of dissipated energy, photonics, and electronics. The final part of the review is devoted to the fundamental questions facing dynamic assemblies of NPs in the future.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1016530108
发表时间：
2011-05-17
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Alvarez-Puebla, Ramon A.;Agarwal, Ashish;Liz-Marzan, Luis M.
通讯作者：
Liz-Marzan, Luis M.
影响因子：
10.8
作者：
Huang, Xiaohua;El-Sayed, Ivan H.;El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
通讯作者：
El-Sayed, Mostafa A.
影响因子：
13.3
作者：
Huang, Xiao;Zhou, Xiaozhu;Zhang, Hua
通讯作者：
Zhang, Hua
影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Lagzi, Istvan;Kowalczyk, Bartlomiej;Grzybowski, Bartosz A.
通讯作者：
Grzybowski, Bartosz A.
影响因子：
29.4
作者：
Gaponik, Nikolai;Wolf, Andreas;Eychmueller, Alexander
通讯作者：
Eychmueller, Alexander