Stress, the HPA axis, and nonhuman primate well-being: A review.
Stress, the HPA axis, and nonhuman primate well-being: A review.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.012
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发表时间：
2013-01-31
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Meyer, Jerrold S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Novak, Melinda A.;Hamel, Amanda F.;Kelly, Brian J.;Dettmer, Amanda M.;Meyer, Jerrold S.
野生灵长类动物通常会遇到许多应激源（例如，食物短缺、捕食、侵略性相互作用和寄生）。虽然这些压力源中的许多在实验室环境中被消除，但其他压力源可能存在，因为与空间和社会伙伴的接触往往受到限制。应激影响许多生理系统，包括下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质（HPA）轴，这是本文的重点。在非人类灵长类动物中，糖皮质激素皮质醇是这个系统的最终输出，这种激素的水平被用作压力的指标。研究人员可以从血液、唾液、尿液、粪便和头发等几种采样基质中测量皮质醇。每个抽样矩阵的优点和缺点的比较，以帮助研究人员在选择一个最佳的策略，他们的研究。压力及其与福利的关系已经在非人类灵长类动物中使用两种互补的方法进行了研究：比较不同条件下的基线皮质醇水平，或者通过暴露于压力源来确定系统的反应性。这项工作的大部分集中在殖民地管理实践和发展模式的异常行为。某些殖民地的做法是众所周知的，至少暂时增加压力。血液取样和重新安置都是这种影响的例子，已经作出努力，以减少这些程序中一些压力较大的方面。相反，其他殖民地管理的做法，如社会住房和环境丰富的假设，以减少压力。通过比较基线皮质醇水平来验证这一假设并没有被证明是有用的，可能是由于“地板”效应;然而，社会缓冲研究表明，社会住房在减轻非人类灵长类动物对压力事件的反应方面发挥了强大的作用。异常行为的模型来自两个来源：实验引起的早期经验的改变（例如，托儿所饲养），以及行为病理学的自发发展（例如，自伤行为）。研究人员经常假设异常行为是压力的标志，因此这些猴子的皮质醇水平预计会高于对照组。然而，一项新的发现是，行为异常的猴子更有可能表现出皮质醇浓度降低的模式，这可能反映了设定点的改变或压力反应系统的钝化。这些发现与人类临床研究平行，表明神经精神疾病可能与HPA系统活性增加或减少相关，这取决于疾病的病因和表现及其在激发系统功能变稳态转变中的潜在影响。
Numerous stressors are routinely encountered by wild-living primates (e.g., food scarcity, predation, aggressive interactions, and parasitism). Although many of these stressors are eliminated in laboratory environments, other stressors may be present in that access to space and social partners is often restricted. Stress affects many physiological systems including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, which is the focus of this review. The glucocorticoid, cortisol, is the ultimate output of this system in nonhuman primates, and levels of this hormone are used as an index of stress. Researchers can measure cortisol from several sampling matrices that include blood, saliva, urine, faeces, and hair. A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each sampling matrix is provided to aid researchers in selecting an optimal strategy for their research. Stress and its relationship to welfare have been examined in nonhuman primates using two complimentary approaches: comparing baseline cortisol levels under different conditions, or determining the reactivity of the system through exposure to a stressor. Much of this work is focused on colony management practices and developmental models of abnormal behaviour. Certain colony practices are known to increase stress at least temporarily. Both blood sampling and relocation are examples of this effect, and efforts have been made to reduce some of the more stressful aspects of these procedures. In contrast, other colony management practices such as social housing and environmental enrichment are hypothesized to reduce stress. Testing this hypothesis by comparing baseline cortisol levels has not proved useful, probably due to “floor” effects; however, social buffering studies have shown the powerful role of social housing in mitigating reactions of nonhuman primates to stressful events. Models of abnormal behaviour come from two sources: experimentally induced alterations in early experience (e.g., nursery rearing), and the spontaneous development of behavioural pathology (e.g., self-injurious behaviour). Investigators have often assumed that abnormal behaviour is a marker for stress and thus such monkeys are predicted to have higher cortisol levels than controls. However, an emerging finding is that monkeys with abnormal behaviour are more likely to show a pattern of lowered cortisol concentrations which may reflect either an altered set point or a blunting of the stress response system. These findings parallel human clinical studies demonstrating that neuropsychiatric disorders may be associated with either increased or decreased activity of the HPA system, depending on the aetiology and manifestation of the disorder and their potential influence in provoking allostatic shifts in system functioning.
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DOI：
10.1080/10253890802041308
发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Anestis, S. F.
通讯作者：
Anestis, S. F.
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Carnegie, Sarah D.;Fedigan, Linda M.;Ziegler, Toni E.
通讯作者：
Ziegler, Toni E.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
CHAMOVE, AS;ROSENBLUM, LA;HARLOW, HF
通讯作者：
HARLOW, HF
影响因子：
38.9
作者：
Beishuizen, A;Thijs, LG;Vermes, I
通讯作者：
Vermes, I
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Bahr, NI;Palme, R;Heistermann, M
通讯作者：
Heistermann, M