Epigenetics and Early Development.

Epigenetics and Early Development.
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DOI:
10.3390/jdb10020026
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发表时间:
2022-06-16
影响因子:
2.7
通讯作者:
Diekwisch, Thomas G. H.
Diekwisch, Thomas G. H.
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gopinathan, Gokul;Diekwisch, Thomas G. H.

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表观基因组控制着真核生物发育的方方面面,因为DNA的包装极大地影响了基因的表达。表观遗传变化是可逆的,不会影响DNA序列本身,而是控制基因表达的水平。因此,表观遗传学的科学关注的是染色质在基因启动子附近的物理结构,而不是基因序列对转录和翻译的机械影响。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了三个重要的表观遗传修饰,DNA甲基化,组蛋白甲基化/乙酰化,以及染色质重塑复合体的影响。具体地说,我们介绍了通过DNA甲基转移酶和DNA去甲基酶对DNA甲基化状态的改变,讨论了组蛋白尾部修饰如组蛋白乙酰化和甲基化对基因表达的影响,并介绍了含有染色质重塑复合体的主要ATPase亚基的功能。我们还介绍了这些表观遗传因素的变化如何影响人类和小鼠早期发育的例子。综上所述,这篇综述概述了最重要的表观遗传机制,并提供了表观遗传变化在哺乳动物早期发育中的戏剧性影响的例子。
The epigenome controls all aspect of eukaryotic development as the packaging of DNA greatly affects gene expression. Epigenetic changes are reversible and do not affect the DNA sequence itself but rather control levels of gene expression. As a result, the science of epigenetics focuses on the physical configuration of chromatin in the proximity of gene promoters rather than on the mechanistic effects of gene sequences on transcription and translation. In the present review we discuss three prominent epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and the effects of chromatin remodeling complexes. Specifically, we introduce changes to the methylated state of DNA through DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases, discuss the effects of histone tail modifications such as histone acetylation and methylation on gene expression and present the functions of major ATPase subunit containing chromatin remodeling complexes. We also introduce examples of how changes in these epigenetic factors affect early development in humans and mice. In summary, this review provides an overview over the most important epigenetic mechanisms and provides examples of the dramatic effects of epigenetic changes in early mammalian development.
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