The Persistence of Ethnopopulist Support: The Case of Rodrigo Duterte's Philippines

The Persistence of Ethnopopulist Support: The Case of Rodrigo Duterte's Philippines
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民族民粹主义支持的持续存在:以罗德里戈·杜特尔特领导下的菲律宾为例

DOI:
10.1017/jea.2022.29
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
1.3
通讯作者:
Holmes, Ronald
Holmes, Ronald
中科院分区:
法学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dulay, Dean;Hicken, Allen;Holmes, Ronald

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过去几年,世界各地出现了民粹主义领导人,尽管批评声甚嚣尘上、治理失败,而且新冠疫情仍在持续,但他们不仅赢得了支持,而且还保持了支持。菲律宾的罗德里戈·杜特尔特是这一趋势的最佳例证,他的支持率很少低于 80%。如何解释他获得公众的高度支持?我们认为,杜特尔特是一位民族民粹主义者,他利用民族诉求与内部与外部言论相结合来赢得和维持公众支持。此外,我们认为种族归属是支持杜特尔特的主要驱动力,比年龄、教育、性别或城乡差距等其他因素更重要。我们提供了杜特尔特种族与民粹主义诉求结合的证据,然后使用 15 轮具有全国代表性的民意数据来评估种族是否预示着杜特尔特的支持。认同非他加禄族裔(如杜特尔特)会使杜特尔特的支持率增加 8%,明显高于任何其他解释因素。在杜特尔特的支持者中,非他加禄族裔的强烈支持率与温和支持率相比增加了 19%。种族是唯一积极且重要的结果,这表明它有力地解释了为什么杜特尔特的支持仍然强劲。其他解释,例如社会期望偏差和替代政策考虑,并不能解释我们的结果。
The past few years have seen an emergence of populist leaders around the world, who have not only accrued but also maintained support despite rampant criticism, governance failures, and the ongoing COVID pandemic. The Philippines’ Rodrigo Duterte is the best illustration of this trend, with approval ratings rarely dipping below 80 percent. What explains his high levels of robust public support? We argue that Duterte is an ethnopopulist who uses ethnic appeals in combination with insider vs. outsider rhetoric to garner and maintain public support. Moreover, we argue that ethnic affiliation is a main driver of support for Duterte, and more important than alternative factors such as age, education, gender, or urban vs. rural divides. We provide evidence of Duterte's marriage of ethnic and populist appeals, then evaluate whether ethnicity predicts support for Duterte, using 15 rounds of nationally representative public opinion data. Identifying with a non-Tagalog ethnicity (like Duterte) leads to an 8 percent increase in approval for Duterte, significantly larger than any other explanatory factor. Among Duterte supporters, a non-Tagalog ethnicity is associated with 19 percent increase in strong versus mild support. Ethnicity is the only positive and significant result, suggesting that it strongly explains why Duterte's support remains robust. Alternative explanations, such as social desirability bias and alternative policy considerations, do not explain our results.
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