Evolutionary Perspectives on Germline-Restricted Chromosomes in Flies (Diptera).
Evolutionary Perspectives on Germline-Restricted Chromosomes in Flies (Diptera).
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DOI：
10.1093/gbe/evab072
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发表时间：
2021-06-08
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Ross L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hodson CN;Ross L
在一些真核生物中，生殖系索马分化涉及从体细胞中消除部分基因组。基因组中限制于生殖系的部分通常含有在生殖系的发育和功能中发挥作用的基因。具有生殖系限制性DNA的谱系在分类学上是多样的，并且生殖系限制性基因组的大小变化很大。不幸的是，这些血统很少被详细研究。因此，我们对驱动生殖系限制DNA起源和维持的一般进化力量知之甚少。其中生殖系限制DNA研究很少的分类学群体之一是苍蝇（双翅目）。在三个双翅目的家庭，摇蚊科，Cecidomyiidae和Sciaridae，整个染色体从体细胞在胚胎发育早期消除。生殖系限制染色体被认为是在双翅目家族中独立进化的，它们的大小，数量和传播模式在家族之间存在差异。虽然有大量的细胞学研究，这些染色体在苍蝇，几乎没有基因组研究已经进行。因此，人们对它们是如何进化的，为什么进化，以及它们编码什么基因知之甚少。本文综述了双翅目生殖系限制性染色体的文献，讨论了其起源和功能的假说，并比较了双翅目与其他真核生物的生殖系限制性DNA。最后，我们讨论了为什么双翅目谱系代表了一个很有前途的系统的生殖系限制染色体的研究，并提出了未来的研究途径。
In some eukaryotes, germline soma differentiation involves elimination of parts of the genome from somatic cells. The portions of the genome restricted to the germline often contain genes that play a role in development and function of the germline. Lineages with germline-restricted DNA are taxonomically diverse, and the size of the germline-restricted genome varies substantially. Unfortunately, few of these lineages have been studied in detail. As a result, we understand little about the general evolutionary forces that drive the origin and maintenance of germline-restricted DNA. One of the taxonomic groups where germline-restricted DNA has been poorly studied are the flies (Diptera). In three Dipteran families, Chironomidae, Cecidomyiidae, and Sciaridae, entire chromosomes are eliminated from somatic cells early in embryonic development. Germline-restricted chromosomes are thought to have evolved independently in the Dipteran families and their size, number, and transmission patterns vary between families. Although there is a wealth of cytological studies on these chromosomes in flies, almost no genomic studies have been undertaken. As a result, very little is known about how and why they evolved and what genes they encode. This review summarizes the literature on germline-restricted chromosomes in Diptera, discusses hypotheses for their origin and function, and compares germline-restricted DNA in Diptera to other eukaryotes. Finally, we discuss why Dipteran lineages represent a promising system for the study of germline-restricted chromosomes and propose future avenues of research on this topic.
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