Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: NHANES 2005-2006.
Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: NHANES 2005-2006.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.0901560
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发表时间：
2010-05
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Needham LL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calafat AM;Ye X;Wong LY;Bishop AM;Needham LL
对羟基苯甲酸酯广泛用作化妆品、药品和食品及饮料加工中的抗菌防腐剂。我们评估了2005-2006年国家健康和营养检查调查中美国一般人群中≥ 6岁人群的代表性样本中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙基酯、丙基酯和丁基酯的暴露。我们分析了2,548尿液样本，通过使用在线固相萃取耦合同位素稀释-高效液相色谱/串联质谱。我们分别在99.1%和92.7%的样品中检测到对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MP）和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PP）。我们检测到对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（42.4%）和丁酯（47%）的频率较低，中位浓度至少比MP（63.5 μg/L）和PP（8.7 μg/L）低一个数量级。非西班牙裔黑人中MP的最小二乘几何平均值（LSGM）浓度显着高于非西班牙裔白人（p ≤ 0.01），但老年人（≥ 60岁）除外。青少年和成年女性的MP和PP的LSGM浓度显著高于（p < 0.01）青少年和成年男性。女性比男性更有可能[校正比值比（OR）和95%置信区间（CI）：MP，3.2（2.99-5.27）; PP，4.19（2.34-7.49）]和非西班牙裔黑人比非西班牙裔白人更有可能[MP，4.99（2.62-9.50）; PP，3.6（1.86-7.05）]的浓度高于第95百分位数。2005-2006年期间，美国普通人群暴露于几种对羟基苯甲酸酯。按性别和人种/种族列出的MP和PP尿液浓度差异可能反映了使用含有这些化合物的个人护理产品。
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverage processing. We assessed exposure to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens in a representative sample of persons ≥ 6 years of age in the U.S. general population from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We analyzed 2,548 urine samples by using online solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. We detected methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP) in 99.1% and 92.7% of the samples, respectively. We detected ethyl (42.4%) and butyl (47%) parabens less frequently and at median concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower than MP (63.5 μg/L) and PP (8.7 μg/L). Least-square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of MP were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) among non-Hispanic blacks than among non-Hispanic whites except at older ages (≥ 60 years). Adolescent and adult females had significantly higher (p < 0.01) LSGM concentrations of MP and PP than did adolescent and adult males. Females were more likely than males [adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): MP, 3.2 (2.99–5.27); PP, 4.19 (2.34–7.49)] and non-Hispanic blacks were more likely than non-Hispanic whites [MP, 4.99 (2.62–9.50); PP, 3.6 (1.86–7.05)] to have concentrations above the 95th percentile. The general U.S. population was exposed to several parabens during 2005–2006. Differences in the urinary concentrations of MP and PP by sex and race/ethnicity likely reflect the use of personal care products containing these compounds.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Calafat AM;Ye X;Wong LY;Reidy JA;Needham LL
通讯作者：
Needham LL
DOI：
10.1080/15287390600631706
发表时间：
2006-10-15
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Sandborgh-Englund, Gunilla;Adolfsson-Erici, Margaretha;Ekstrand, Jan
通讯作者：
Ekstrand, Jan
影响因子：
--
作者：
Janjua, Nadeem Rezaq;Frederiksen, Hanne;Andersson, Anna-Maria
通讯作者：
Andersson, Anna-Maria
影响因子：
13.8
作者：
Bergfeld, WE;Belsito, DV;Andersen, FA
通讯作者：
Andersen, FA
DOI：
10.1248/bpb1978.2.356
发表时间：
1979-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF PHARMACOBIO-DYNAMICS
影响因子：
--
作者：
KIWADA, H;AWAZU, S;HANANO, M
通讯作者：
HANANO, M