Microcontroller Fingerprinting Using Partially Erased NOR Flash Memory Cells

Microcontroller Fingerprinting Using Partially Erased NOR Flash Memory Cells
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使用部分擦除的 NOR 闪存单元进行微控制器指纹识别

DOI:
10.1145/3448271
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
2
通讯作者:
Milenkovic, Aleksandar
Milenkovic, Aleksandar
中科院分区:
计算机科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Poudel, Prawar;Ray, Biswajit;Milenkovic, Aleksandar

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电子设备指纹是从设备的物理属性提取的唯一位向量,用于区分功能相同的设备的实例。本文介绍了一种从现代微控制器中部分擦除的NOR闪存单元的独特属性中提取指纹的新技术。集成在现代片上系统中的NOR闪存通常保存固件和只读数据,但它们越来越多地在系统内可编程,允许设计人员在正常操作期间擦除和编程它们。所提出的技术利用闪存段的部分擦除操作,该部分擦除操作使它们进入通过数字接口暴露闪存单元的物理属性的状态。这些属性反映了每个微控制器或微控制器内的闪存段所独有的半导体工艺变化和缺陷。本文探讨了NOR闪存单元中用于产生指纹的阈值电压变化,并描述了一种指纹提取算法。使用一系列商用微控制器进行的实验评估表明,所提出的技术具有成本效益高、健壮性好、对电压和温度变化以及老化效应具有恢复能力。
Electronic device fingerprints, unique bit vectors extracted from device's physical properties, are used to differentiate between instances of functionally identical devices. This article introduces a new technique that extracts fingerprints from unique properties of partially erased NOR flash memory cells in modern microcontrollers. NOR flash memories integrated in modern systems-on-a-chip typically hold firmware and read-only data, but they are increasingly in-system-programmable, allowing designers to erase and program them during normal operation. The proposed technique leverages partial erase operations of flash memory segments that bring them into the state that exposes physical properties of the flash memory cells through a digital interface. These properties reflect semiconductor process variations and defects that are unique to each microcontroller or a flash memory segment within a microcontroller. The article explores threshold voltage variation in NOR flash memory cells for generating fingerprints and describes an algorithm for extracting fingerprints. The experimental evaluation utilizing a family of commercial microcontrollers demonstrates that the proposed technique is cost-effective, robust, and resilient to changes in voltage and temperature as well as to aging effects.
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