Different differences: the use of 'genetic ancestry' versus race in biomedical human genetic research.
Different differences: the use of 'genetic ancestry' versus race in biomedical human genetic research.
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不同的差异：在生物医学人类遗传学研究中使用“遗传血统”与种族。
DOI：
10.1177/0306312710379170
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发表时间：
2011-02
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Rajagopalan R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fujimura JH;Rajagopalan R
本文介绍了我们的民族志研究生物医学科学家的人类遗传变异和常见的复杂疾病的研究结果。我们研究了全基因组关联研究（GWAS）中涉及的社会物质工作，并讨论了是否，如何以及何时使用种族和民族的概念。我们分析了研究人员如何同时产生不同种类的人口和人口差异。虽然许多遗传学家在他们的分析中使用种族，但我们发现有些人发明了一种统计遗传学方法和相关软件，他们专门用来避免在遗传学分析中使用种族类别。他们的方法使他们能够在不诉诸种族和民族概念的情况下实施他们的“遗传祖先”概念。我们专注于软件算法的构建和实现，并讨论了在遗传学研究中使用种族的辩论和政策的软件技术的后果和影响。我们还表明，他们的方法的生产和使用涉及到一个动态的和流体的演员在不同学科的集合，以应对学科和社会政治背景和关注。这个集合还包括对人类历史和地理的特定论述，因为它们与遗传标记和疾病的研究纠缠在一起。我们引入了“基因组地理学”的概念，以分析一些研究人类遗传变异的研究人员如何在不同的地方和时间“定位”DNA片段。遗传祖先的概念和基因组地理学的实践依赖于旧的话语，但它们也包含了新的技术，基础设施以及政治和科学承诺。其中一些新技术为改变我们围绕差异和相似性概念的一些制度和文化形式和框架提供了机会。尽管如此，我们也强调了基因组地理学的狡猾和种族和种族概念的顽固性。
This article presents findings from our ethnographic research on biomedical scientists’ studies of human genetic variation and common complex disease. We examine the socio-material work involved in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and discuss whether, how, and when notions of race and ethnicity are or are not used. We analyze how researchers produce simultaneously different kinds of populations and population differences. Although many geneticists use race in their analyses, we find some who have invented a statistical genetics method and associated software that they use specifically to avoid using categories of race in their genetics analysis. Their method allows them to operationalize their concept of ‘genetic ancestry’ without resorting to notions of race and ethnicity. We focus on the construction and implementation of the software’s algorithms, and discuss the consequences and implications of the software technology for debates and policies around the use of race in genetics research. We also demonstrate that the production and use of their method involves a dynamic and fluid assemblage of actors in various disciplines responding to disciplinary and sociopolitical contexts and concerns. This assemblage also includes particular discourses on human history and geography as they become entangled with research on genetic markers and disease. We introduce the concept of ‘genome geography’, to analyze how some researchers studying human genetic variation ‘locate’ stretches of DNA in different places and times. The concept of genetic ancestry and the practice of genome geography rely on old discourses, but they also incorporate new technologies, infrastructures, and political and scientific commitments. Some of these new technologies provide opportunities to change some of our institutional and cultural forms and frames around notions of difference and similarity. Neverthless, we also highlight the slipperiness of genome geography and the tenacity of race and race concepts.
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DOI：
10.1056/nejmra0808700
发表时间：
2009-04-23
期刊：
The New England journal of medicine
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hardy J;Singleton A
通讯作者：
Singleton A
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0903103106
发表时间：
2009-06-09
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Hindorff, Lucia A.;Sethupathy, Praveen;Manolio, Teri A.
通讯作者：
Manolio, Teri A.
影响因子：
3
作者：
de Laet, M;Mol, A
通讯作者：
Mol, A
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Braun, Lundy
通讯作者：
Braun, Lundy
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Kahn, Jonathan
通讯作者：
Kahn, Jonathan