Gene regulatory evolution and the origin of macroevolutionary novelties: insights from the neural crest.
Gene regulatory evolution and the origin of macroevolutionary novelties: insights from the neural crest.
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DOI：
10.1002/dvg.22403
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发表时间：
2013-07
期刊：
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Garnett, Aaron T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Van Otterloo, Eric;Cornell, Robert A.;Medeiros, Daniel Meulemans;Garnett, Aaron T.
在进化过程中，新的解剖结构的出现是由转录因子、信号通路和控制发育的下游效应基因网络的变化驱动的。这些发育基因调控网络（GRNs）的变化的性质知之甚少。一个引人注目的测试案例是控制神经嵴（NC）发育的GRN的进化。NC细胞从神经板边缘（NPB）出现，并有助于多个成人结构。虽然所有脊索动物都有NPB，但只有在脊椎动物中，NPB细胞表达构成神经嵴GRN（NC-GRN）的所有基因。有趣的是，无脊椎脊索动物表达的NC-GRN组件在其他组织中的直系同源物，揭示了在脊椎动物进化过程中，新的监管之间的联系出现在NPB和其他组织中表达的基因的转录因子的重复性表达。这种相互作用可能是通过两种机制演变而来的。首先，在NPB中重复表达的转录因子可能已经进化出新的DNA和/或辅因子结合特性（蛋白质新功能化）。或者，驱动NPB表达的顺式调节元件可能在其他组织中重复表达的基因附近进化（顺式调节新功能化）。在这里，我们讨论基因复制如何，原则上，促进任何形式的新功能化。我们回顾了最近发表的物种间基因交换，或调节元件交换，实验测试这两种模型的例子。这些实验几乎没有证据支持蛋白质新功能化在NC-GRN出现中的重要性，但确实支持新的顺式调控元件在这一过程中的重要性。NC-GRN是研究基因调控和宏观进化创新的极好模型。
The appearance of novel anatomic structures during evolution is driven by changes to the networks of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and downstream effector genes controlling development. The nature of the changes to these developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is poorly understood. A striking test case is the evolution of the GRN controlling development of the neural crest (NC). NC cells emerge from the neural plate border (NPB) and contribute to multiple adult structures. While all chordates have a NPB, only in vertebrates do NPB cells express all the genes constituting the neural crest GRN (NC-GRN). Interestingly, invertebrate chordates express orthologs of NC-GRN components in other tissues, revealing that during vertebrate evolution new regulatory connections emerged between transcription factors primitively expressed in the NPB and genes primitively expressed in other tissues. Such interactions could have evolved by two mechanisms. First, transcription factors primitively expressed in the NPB may have evolved new DNA and/or cofactor binding properties (protein neofunctionalization). Alternately, cis-regulatory elements driving NPB expression may have evolved near genes primitively expressed in other tissues (cis-regulatory neofunctionalization). Here we discuss how gene duplication can, in principle, promote either form of neofunctionalization. We review recent published examples of interspecies gene-swap, or regulatory-element-swap, experiments that test both models. Such experiments have yielded little evidence to support the importance of protein neofunctionalization in the emergence of the NC-GRN, but do support the importance of novel cis-regulatory elements in this process. The NC-GRN is an excellent model for the study of gene regulatory and macroevolutionary innovation.
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影响因子：
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