Estrogens and development of the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis and vas deferens.
Estrogens and development of the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis and vas deferens.
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雌激素与睾丸网、输出小管、附睾和输精管的发育。
DOI：
10.1016/j.diff.2020.11.004
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发表时间：
2021-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hinton BT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hess RA;Sharpe RM;Hinton BT
雌激素一直被视为女性激素，睾酮则被视为男性激素。然而，早在雌激素受体（ESRs）被发现之前近90年，人们就已经知道睾丸中存在雌激素以及在发育过程中雌激素治疗的有害影响。最终人们了解到，睾丸实际上会合成高水平的雌二醇（E2），并在生殖道腔内积聚高浓度的雌二醇，这似乎与大量表明外源性雌激素暴露后会出现生殖病理的研究相矛盾。长期以来，雌激素的发育病理学主导了我们的思维，甚至导致了与睾丸发育不全综合征相关的“雌激素假说”。然而，这些早期研究以及Esr1基因敲除小鼠的出现，引发了大量关于雌激素在男性生殖系统发育和功能中的潜在作用以及其干扰作用的研究。新的情况是，男性体内的雌激素作用无法与雄激素作用割裂开来。本文介绍了已知的雌激素途径的组成部分，包括其合成和靶受体，以及在男性生殖道分化和成年功能中实现雄激素与雌激素作用平衡的必要性。本综述重点关注从睾丸网到输精管的男性生殖道发育的已知情况，研究了男性生殖系统中雌激素受体的表达和芳香化酶的存在，追踪了雌激素相关基因敲除和转基因动物模型提供的证据，并讨论了胎儿和出生后暴露于雌激素的影响。希望本文能激发足够的讨论，并对雄激素与雌激素的平衡进行新的研究，这种平衡似乎对男性生殖道的发育至关重要。
Estrogen has always been considered the female hormone and testosterone the male hormone. However, estrogen’s presence in the testis and deleterious effects of estrogen treatment during development have been known for nearly 90 years, long before estrogen receptors (ESRs) were discovered. Eventually it was learned that testes actually synthesize high levels of estradiol (E2) and sequester high concentrations in the reproductive tract lumen, which seems contradictory to the overwhelming number of studies showing reproductive pathology following exogenous estrogen exposures. For too long, the developmental pathology of estrogen has dominated our thinking, even resulting in the “estrogen hypothesis” as related to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. However, these early studies and the development of an Esr1 knockout mouse led to a deluge of research into estrogen’s potential role in and disruption of development and function of the male reproductive system. What is new is that estrogen action in the male cannot be divorced from that of androgen. This paper presents what is known about components of the estrogen pathway, including its synthesis and target receptors, and the need to achieve a balance between androgen- and estrogen-action in male reproductive tract differentiation and adult functions. The review focuses on what is known regarding development of the male reproductive tract, from the rete testis to the vas deferens, and examines the expression of estrogen receptors and presence of aromatase in the male reproductive system, traces the evidence provided by estrogen-associated knockout and transgenic animal models and discusses the effects of fetal and postnatal exposures to estrogens. Hopefully, there will be enough here to stimulate discussions and new investigations of the androgen:estrogen balance that seems to be essential for development of the male reproductive tract.
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影响因子：
1.5
作者：
Belcher SM;Cline JM;Conley J;Groeters S;Jefferson WN;Law M;Mackey E;Suen AA;Williams CJ;Dixon D;Wolf JC
通讯作者：
Wolf JC
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Anderson, Helen;Fogel, Naomi;Dunaif, Andrea
通讯作者：
Dunaif, Andrea
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Beall, D
通讯作者：
Beall, D
影响因子：
4
作者：
Atanassova, NN;Walker, M;Sharpe, RM
通讯作者：
Sharpe, RM
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Abot, Anne;Fontaine, Coralie;Arnal, Jean-Francois
通讯作者：
Arnal, Jean-Francois