M1 and M2 macrophages: the chicken and the egg of immunity.

M1 and M2 macrophages: the chicken and the egg of immunity.
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M1和M2巨噬细胞:鸡肉和免疫力。

DOI:
10.1159/000364945
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
5.3
通讯作者:
Ley K
Ley K
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mills CD;Ley K

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这个观点的目的是描述理解免疫反应如何发挥作用的关键进展。所有动物的生命都需要巨噬细胞:所有动物中的“抑制”型巨噬细胞(称​​为 M1)可以快速杀死病原体,因此是主要的宿主防御,而“治愈”型巨噬细胞(M2)通常会修复和维持组织完整性。巨噬细胞在所有没有 T 细胞的动物以及缺乏 T 细胞的脊椎动物中执行这些活动。尽管适应性免疫可以放大巨噬细胞极化,但长期以来认为巨噬细胞需要被 T 细胞“激活”或“交替激活”的观念是不正确的。事实上,免疫学已经落后了。 M1/M2 型巨噬细胞必然分别引导 T 细胞进行 Th1 或 Th2 样活动。这种巨噬细胞固有的活动是免疫反应的核心指导元素,这对于理解免疫系统如何运作来说是一个巨大的改变。最重要的是,这一发现开辟了免疫治疗的全新方法。例如,许多现代疾病,如癌症和动脉粥样硬化,可能不会表现出“外来”抗原。然而,M1/M2 型反应存在明显的不平衡。纠正这种先天的不平衡可以带来更好的健康。巨噬细胞是免疫的鸡和蛋。
The purpose of this perspective is to describe a critical advance in understanding how immune responses work. Macrophages are required for all animal life: ‘Inhibit’ type macrophages in all animals (called M1) can rapidly kill pathogens, and are thus the primary host defense, and ‘Heal’ type macrophages (M2) routinely repair and maintain tissue integrity. Macrophages perform these activities in all animals without T cells, and also in T cell-deficient vertebrates. Although adaptive immunity can amplify macrophage polarization, the long-held notion that macrophages need to be ‘activated’ or ‘alternatively activated’ by T cells is incorrect; indeed, immunology has had it backward. M1/M2-type macrophages necessarily direct T cells toward Th1- or Th2-like activities, respectively. That such macrophage-innate activities are the central directing element in immune responses is a dramatic change in understanding how immune systems operate. Most important, this revelation is opening up whole new approaches to immunotherapy. For example, many modern diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, may not display ‘foreign’ antigens. However, there are clear imbalances in M1/M2-type responses. Correcting such innate imbalances can result in better health. Macrophages are the chicken and the egg of immunity.
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