The limited reach of surprise: Evidence against effects of surprise on memory for preceding elements of an event.
The limited reach of surprise: Evidence against effects of surprise on memory for preceding elements of an event.
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DOI：
10.3758/s13423-021-01954-5
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发表时间：
2022-06
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Henson, Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ben-Yakov, Aya;Smith, Verity;Henson, Richard
当我们回忆过去时，我们最强烈的记忆是那些让我们感到惊讶的经历。广泛的研究支持了这种直觉，即我们更有可能记住令人惊讶的时刻，而不是平凡的时刻。但是那些导致惊喜的时刻呢？我们是否也更容易记住这些？虽然惊讶是记忆的一个公认的调节器，但我们不知道对整个事件的记忆是否会增强，或者仅仅是对惊讶事件本身的记忆。我们开发了一种利用定格电影的新范式，描绘了一系列叙事事件，其中特定事件可以用令人惊讶的事件替换，同时保持电影的其余部分不变。使用这种设计，我们测试了惊讶是否会对记忆产生追溯性影响，特别是任何潜在的影响是否会局限于与惊讶事件相同的事件中的元素。在一个大的参与者队列（n = 340）中，我们发现了强有力的证据，即惊喜不会追溯性地调节记忆，无论是在研究后立即测试的参与者还是在24小时后测试的参与者。我们对这些发现提出了两种可能的解释：（1）事件的组成部分被编码为独立的情节元素（而不是作为一个连贯的单元），或者（2）令人惊讶的片段体验，将前面的元素分割为一个单独的事件。在线版本包含补充材料，可通过10.3758/s13423-021-01954-5获得。
When reflecting on the past, some of our strongest memories are for experiences that took us by surprise. Extensive research has backed this intuition that we are more likely to remember surprising moments than mundane ones. But what about the moments leading up to the surprise? Are we more likely to remember those as well? While surprise is a well-established modulator of memory, it is unknown whether memory for the entire event will be enhanced, or only for the surprising occurrence itself. We developed a novel paradigm utilising stop-motion films, depicting of a sequence of narrative events, in which specific occurrences could be replaced with surprising ones, while keeping the rest of the film unaltered. Using this design, we tested whether surprise exerts retroactive effects on memory, and specifically whether any potential effect would be confined to elements in the same event as the surprising occurrence. In a large cohort of participants (n = 340), we found strong evidence that surprise did not retroactively modulate memory, neither when participants were tested immediately after study nor when they were tested 24 hours later. We suggest two possible accounts for these findings: (1) that the components of an event are encoded as independent episodic elements (not as a cohesive unit), or (2) that surprise segments experience, sectioning off the preceding elements as a separate event. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.3758/s13423-021-01954-5.
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影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Cooper, Rose A.;Ritchey, Maureen
通讯作者：
Ritchey, Maureen
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
DuBrow, Sarah;Davachi, Lila
通讯作者：
Davachi, Lila
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Horner, Aidan J.;Bisby, James A.;Burgess, Neil
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Burgess, Neil
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0506308103
发表时间：
2006-01-31
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Anderson, AK;Wais, PE;Gabrieli, JDE
通讯作者：
Gabrieli, JDE
DOI：
10.1037/xlm0000503
发表时间：
2018-07
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
影响因子：
--
作者：
Heusser AC;Ezzyat Y;Shiff I;Davachi L
通讯作者：
Davachi L