Captured streams and springs in combined sewers: a review of the evidence, consequences and opportunities.
Captured streams and springs in combined sewers: a review of the evidence, consequences and opportunities.
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在合流下水道中捕获的溪流和泉水：对证据、后果和机会的审查。
DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.020
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Broadhead AT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Broadhead AT
收集的溪流和泉水可能在合流下水道中流动，增加管道和废水处理厂(WWTW)的清洁基流量，降低管道容量并增加处理成本。英国水务行业原则上意识到了这一点，但在已出版的文献中没有明确讨论这一点，也没有任何已知的尝试来管理它。相反，目前的重点是通过管道裂缝和接头渗透地下水的类似入侵。我们对文献和国际案例研究进行了彻底的回顾，以调查溪流和泉水的捕获，发现了几个有令人信服的证据表明这种情况发生的例子。我们确定了三种进入模式：转换捕获、拦截捕获和直接弹簧捕获。识别和量化捕获的方法有限，但苏黎世的经验表明，它贡献了到达WWTW的基流的7%-16%。水务行业在资本和运营支出方面有负面影响，城市河流的损失也会对环境和社会造成影响。对于一个典型的污水处理厂(Esholt，Bradford)，16%的基流量来自被捕获的溪流和泉水，我们保守地估计每年的成本为2-700万GB。苏黎世的一个详细案例研究成功地将捕获的基流分离成穿过市区的日光溪流，产生了多重的经济、环境和社会效益。我们的结论是，英国水务行业有充分的理由考虑被捕获的溪流和泉水，对它们进行量化，并评估管理它们的好处。
Captured streams and springs may be flowing in combined sewers, increasing clean baseflow in pipes and wastewater treatment works (WwTWs), reducing pipe capacity and increasing treatment costs. The UK water industry is aware of this in principle, but there has been no explicit discussion of this in the published literature, nor have there been any known attempts to manage it. Instead, the current focus is on the similar intrusion of groundwater infiltration through pipe cracks and joints. We have conducted a thorough review of literature and international case studies to investigate stream and spring capture, finding several examples with convincing evidence that this occurs. We identify three modes of entry: capture by conversion, capture by interception, and direct spring capture. Methods to identify and quantify capture are limited, but the experience in Zurich suggests that it contributed 7–16% of the baseflow reaching WwTWs. There are negative impacts for the water industry in capital and operational expenditure, as well as environmental and social impacts of loss of urban streams. For a typical WwTW (Esholt, Bradford) with 16% of baseflow from captured streams and springs, we conservatively estimate annual costs of £2 million to £7 million. A detailed case study from Zurich is considered that has successfully separated captured baseflow into daylighted streams through the urban area, with multiple economic, environmental and social benefits. We conclude that there is a strong case for the UK water industry to consider captured streams and springs, quantify them, and assess the merits of managing them.
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