Fifty years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona.
Fifty years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona.
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DOI：
10.1002/ps.1861
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发表时间：
2009-12
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Ellsworth, Peter C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Naranjo, Steven E.;Ellsworth, Peter C.
关键词：
50年前，斯特恩、史密斯、货车登博施和哈根提出了一个简单而复杂的害虫控制思想，该思想基于化学和生物控制的互补作用。这一综合防治概念一直是所有害虫综合管理（IPM）计划的驱动力和概念基础。这四个基本要素包括确定防治需要的阈值、取样以确定临界密度、了解和保护系统的生物防治能力以及在需要时使用选择性杀虫剂或选择性施用方法以加强生物防治。在这里，我们详细介绍了烟粉虱，烟粉虱（Genn.），在亚利桑那州的棉花系统中，这为斯特恩和他的同事们的愿景提供了一个罕见的例子。从基于研究的经济损害水平得出的经济阈值被开发出来，并与快速准确的抽样计划相结合，成为顾问和种植者广泛采用的有效决策工具。广泛的研究，测量害虫种群动态，生物控制的土著天敌和选择性杀虫剂使用社区排序方法，捕食者：猎物的比例，捕食者排斥和人口统计学之间的相互作用，验证了化学和生物控制所发挥的关键互补作用。“生物残留”一词是用来描述在使用选择性杀虫剂时，生物控制和其他可能的力量对环境的持久抵抗力。在过去的14年里，实际效益是叶面杀虫剂减少了70%，控制成本和产量节省了2亿多美元，沿着提高了生态系统服务的利用率。出版社：John Wiley & Sons，Ltd.
Fifty years ago, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen outlined a simple but sophisticated idea of pest control predicated on the complementary action of chemical and biological control. This integrated control concept has since been a driving force and conceptual foundation for all integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The four basic elements include thresholds for determining the need for control, sampling to determine critical densities, understanding and conserving the biological control capacity in the system and the use of selective insecticides or selective application methods, when needed, to augment biological control. Here we detail the development, evolution, validation and implementation of an integrated control (IC) program for whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), in the Arizona cotton system that provides a rare example of the vision of Stern and his colleagues. Economic thresholds derived from research-based economic injury levels were developed and integrated with rapid and accurate sampling plans into validated decision tools widely adopted by consultants and growers. Extensive research that measured the interplay among pest population dynamics, biological control by indigenous natural enemies and selective insecticides using community ordination methods, predator:prey ratios, predator exclusion and demography validated the critical complementary roles played by chemical and biological control. The term ‘bioresidual’ was coined to describe the extended environmental resistance from biological control and other forces possible when selective insecticides are deployed. The tangible benefits have been a 70% reduction in foliar insecticides, a >$200 million saving in control costs and yield, along with enhanced utilization of ecosystem services over the last 14 years. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02764246
发表时间：
1996-01-01
期刊：
ENTOMOPHAGA
影响因子：
--
作者：
Castane, C;Arino, J;Arno, J
通讯作者：
Arno, J
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
BLACKMER, JL;BYRNE, DN
通讯作者：
BYRNE, DN
影响因子：
6.2
作者：
Byrne, DN
通讯作者：
Byrne, DN
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
DECLERCQ, P;VINUELA, E;DEGHEELE, D
通讯作者：
DEGHEELE, D
DOI：
10.1007/bf02769828
发表时间：
1997-01-01
期刊：
ENTOMOPHAGA
影响因子：
--
作者：
Delbeke, F;Vercruysse, P;Degheele, D
通讯作者：
Degheele, D