Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission Mediated by Exocytosis and Diffusive Release of Transmitter Substances.
Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission Mediated by Exocytosis and Diffusive Release of Transmitter Substances.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00013
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
De-Miguel FF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Del-Bel E;De-Miguel FF
本文综述了突触外释放递质物质的机制，即在没有突触后对应物质的情况下，从胞体、轴突和树突释放。突触外释放通过胞吐或扩散发生。突触裂隙的溢出也有助于突触外的神经传递。这里，我们首先描述两个众所周知的神经元胞吐作用的例子，它可以在电刺激后释放大量的递质长达数百秒。对低分子递质5-羟色胺、催产素和加压素的胞吐机制进行了详细的研究。水蚤神经元释放5-羟色胺和啮齿动物神经元释放催产素和加压素具有共同的多步骤机制，这与突触前末端的胞吐完全不同。大多数非突触释放的递质和多肽似乎都遵循同样的机制。突触外的胞吐作用可发生在神经胶质细胞上，神经胶质细胞充当长时间和远距离传递的中介。这篇综述文章的第二部分集中在具有代表性的可扩散分子一氧化氮(NO)和内源性大麻素合成时的释放。可扩散的分子是从突触后终末“按需”合成的，以响应电活动和细胞内钙的升高。它们的作用包括对突触前电活动和递质释放的逆行调制。突触外神经传递在视网膜中有很好的例证。光诱发的突触外通讯设定视觉反应的增益，并整合神经元、神经胶质细胞和血管的活动。了解突触外交流如何改变硬连接电路的功能，已经成为了解神经系统功能的基础。
This review article deals with the mechanisms of extrasynaptic release of transmitter substances, namely the release from the soma, axon and dendrites in the absence of postsynaptic counterparts. Extrasynaptic release occurs by exocytosis or diffusion. Spillover from the synaptic cleft also contributes to extrasynaptic neurotransmission. Here, we first describe two well-known examples of exocytosis from the neuronal soma, which may release copious amounts of transmitter for up to hundreds of seconds after electrical stimulation. The mechanisms for somatic exocytosis of the low molecular weight transmitter serotonin, and the peptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been studied in detail. Serotonin release from leech neurons and oxytocin and vasopressin from rodent neurons have a common multi-step mechanism, which is completely different from that for exocytosis from presynaptic endings. Most transmitters and peptides released extrasynaptically seem to follow this same mechanism. Extrasynaptic exocytosis may occur onto glial cells, which act as intermediaries for long-term and long-distance transmission. The second part of this review article focuses on the release upon synthesis of the representative diffusible molecules nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids. Diffusible molecules are synthesized “on demand” from postsynaptic terminals in response to electrical activity and intracellular calcium elevations. Their effects include the retrograde modulation of presynaptic electrical activity and transmitter release. Extrasynaptic neurotransmission is well exemplified in the retina. Light-evoked extrasynaptic communication sets the gain for visual responses and integrates the activity of neurons, glia and blood vessels. Understanding how extrasynaptic communication changes the function of hard-wired circuits has become fundamental to understand the function of the nervous system.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.74.8.3203
发表时间：
1977-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
ARNOLD, WP;MITTAL, CK;MURAD, F
通讯作者：
MURAD, F
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Dale, HH;Feldberg, W;Vogt, M
通讯作者：
Vogt, M
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
DEUSSEN, A;SONNTAG, M;VOGEL, R
通讯作者：
VOGEL, R
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.87.2.682
发表时间：
1990-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
BREDT, DS;SNYDER, SH
通讯作者：
SNYDER, SH
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Bisogno, T;Ligresti, A;Di Marzo, V
通讯作者：
Di Marzo, V