Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-Devo, pattern formation and regeneration.

Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-Devo, pattern formation and regeneration.
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DOI:
10.1387/ijdb.072556cc
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发表时间:
2009
期刊:
The International journal of developmental biology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Chuong CM
Chuong CM
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chang C;Wu P;Baker RE;Maini PK;Alibardi L;Chuong CM

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这一观点的目的是强调爬行动物被皮作为实验模型的优点。爬行动物是最早的羊膜动物。现存的爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物都是从茎类爬行动物进化而来的。哺乳动物的毛发和羽毛分别是从兽脚亚目和蜥脚类爬行动物进化而来的。早期的爬行动物外壳必须适应陆地生活的挑战,发展出具有屏障功能和紫外线防护能力的多层角质层。为了更好的机械保护,各种爬行动物进化出了鳞片。恒温动物的进化推动了毛囊和羽毛毛囊的趋同进化:它们都形成了多个局部生长单位,干细胞和瞬时扩增细胞在近端毛囊中受到保护。这种拓扑结构允许它们在没有结构限制的情况下伸长、蜕皮和再生。爬行动物皮肤的另一个独特特征是鳞片和色素图案的精致排列,使它们成为图案形成机制的可测试模型。由于它们在陆地上面临着持续的破坏威胁,因此开发了不同的策略来适应皮肤的稳态和再生。在时间上,它们可能处于不断更新或脱落的循环中。在空间上,它们可以是弥漫性的或形成离散的局部生长单位(卵泡)。为了理解基因调控网络如何进化以产生越来越复杂的外胚层器官,我们必须研究爬行动物的原型鳞片形成途径如何被调节以产生新的附属物。尽管有很多关于爬行动物鳞片的研究,但分子分析却落后了。在这里,我们强调如何进一步发展这种新颖的实验模型将是有价值的,以填补我们的理解的空白,羊膜的进化-发展。
The purpose of this perspective is to highlight the merit of the reptile integument as an experimental model. Reptiles represent the first amniotes. From stem reptiles, extant reptiles, birds and mammals have evolved. Mammal hairs and feathers evolved from Therapsid and Sauropsid reptiles, respectively. The early reptilian integument had to adapt to the challenges of terrestrial life, developing a multi-layered stratum corneum capable of barrier function and ultraviolet protection. For better mechanical protection, diverse reptilian scale types have evolved. The evolution of endothermy has driven the convergent evolution of hair and feather follicles: both form multiple localized growth units with stem cells and transient amplifying cells protected in the proximal follicle. This topological arrangement allows them to elongate, molt and regenerate without structural constraints. Another unique feature of reptile skin is the exquisite arrangement of scales and pigment patterns, making them testable models for mechanisms of pattern formation. Since they face the constant threat of damage on land, different strategies were developed to accommodate skin homeostasis and regeneration. Temporally, they can be under continuous renewal or sloughing cycles. Spatially, they can be diffuse or form discrete localized growth units (follicles). To understand how gene regulatory networks evolved to produce increasingly complex ectodermal organs, we have to study how prototypic scale-forming pathways in reptiles are modulated to produce appendage novelties. Despite the fact that there are numerous studies of reptile scales, molecular analyses have lagged behind. Here, we underscore how further development of this novel experimental model will be valuable in filling the gaps of our understanding of the Evo-Devo of amniote integuments.
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.072493rb
发表时间: 2009
期刊: The International journal of developmental biology
影响因子: --
作者:
Baker RE;Schnell S;Maini PK
通讯作者: Maini PK
DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00324.x
发表时间: 2004-09-01
期刊: JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
影响因子: 2.4
作者:
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DOI: 10.1054/tice.2000.0099
发表时间: 2000-04-01
期刊: TISSUE & CELL
影响因子: 2.6
作者:
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DOI: 10.1002/jez.10145
发表时间: 2002-06-15
影响因子: --
作者:
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通讯作者: Sawyer, RH
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19220173.x
发表时间: 1998-02-01
期刊: JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
影响因子: 2.4
作者:
Alibardi, L
通讯作者: Alibardi, L